This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They cannot be abusive or personal. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. His family ruled for many generations. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. that the material was genuinely picky. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. Translation of " " into Persian . He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Verse 15. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. ). Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. Check ' ' translations into Persian. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. Son of Sangramapida II. Feature Flags: { The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. Hence the correct answer is Option B. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. section. Murdered by Radda. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. Abstract. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Rajatarangini/Original languages It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. Verse 13. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. Subscribe here. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. . He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. Jizya was abolished too in his command. After his death, the queen committed. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit He subdued several enemies. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. . In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. Died young. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). What is the best compliment to give to a girl? After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. 1 [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. Gave lands to Brahmins. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. Verse 11. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. No examples found, consider adding one please. Request Permissions. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. Kalhana was a poet. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. epic poem Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. In 1380 C.E. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 03:52. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. Report Error It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. He was (I.191) the first of his race. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. Corrections? Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. He stopped the killing of cows by means . Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. All rights reserved. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. After ruling indirectly and directly. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin.