663 settled out of court. XXXXX. Since fare evaders overwhelmingly dont have the cash to afford a $2 fare, they certainly cant pay a citation worth hundreds of dollars. Travel in a first-class carriage, when only purchasing a standard ticket. We also know that there is a lot of confusion regarding the safety of supplements and contamination. When you have a reservation and receipt but youve lost your ticketIf you lose your train ticket you will have to buy a new one or else be issued with a Unpaid Fare Notice (UFN). He has successfully settled hundreds of fare evasion cases over a number of years and has an exceptionally high success rate. TfL Rail payment line: 0870 067 9890. By examining a wide range of health symptoms and associated lifestyle issues, a Holistic Nutritionist can help you balance your specific health. And thats just the first step. Ut Health Science Center Tyler Covid Vaccine, We are usually able to agree a fixed fee for this type of work to cover drafting representations to the relevant fare authority and will be able to provide an accurate quotation for your case if you contact us. https://www.consumeractiongroup.co.uk/topic/446558-contacting-loved-ones-in-ukraine/&do=findComment&comment=5156526, - Jenny Kleeman and Luke Jones with Times Radio Breakfast Times Radio The Times and The Sunday Times.mp3, Buy a homeless person Christmas Dinner - Social Bite. 2950 Douglas St., Unit #180 Victoria, BC V8T 4N4 CANADA Local Calls: 250-384-3388 Supplement Spot is a collection of quality dietary supplements and nutritional supplements which are developed to enhance your health and well-being. Vitamins & Food Supplements, Fitness Gyms. Please help the CAG. I would like to resolve this out of court as I have no prior convictions and this is the first time anything like this has happen to me. 0 reviews that are not currently recommended. You need to make your appeal in writing, and include 18 . Keep yourself healthy with the help of Reflex Supplements. leave jurisdiction unticked. Best Match. Thu 10am to 7pm. Anyone can read Conversations, but to contribute, you should be a registered Torstar account holder. Webfare evasion settle out court 2020. by | Jun 29, 2022 | does febreze air freshener expire | Jun 29, 2022 | does febreze air freshener expire WebPublicado por Fevereiro 9, 2022 zillow homes for rent lenoir, nc em fare evasion settle out court 2020 Fevereiro 9, 2022 zillow homes for rent lenoir, nc em fare evasion settle out court 2020 2021 Representations submitted on behalf of a finance professional followed by a PACE interview resulted in case involving a multiple incidents of fare evasion being settled out of court by payment of costs and value of fares avoided. Been offered a courtesy car? reflexsupplements.com. . Hours. Its what makes sure everything is fair for passengers and train companies across the country. Every passenger, unless authorised to travel by way of an issued Freedom Pass or Staff Pass, is obliged to 1973 camaro z28 stripe dimensions. You need to make your appeal in writing, and include the following information: You can either send a statement in writing to: London North Eastern Railway, PO Box 632, York, YO1 0ET. I do have my own oyster card however unfortunately after speaking to the underground staff, they can only look up to 3 months journey usage and the incident happened 10 months ago. (b) Contraventions of the London Regional Transport Railways Byelaws. more See more text. They will then consider whether to prosecute. - Paying by cash or bank transfer??? 2021 HiMac Engineering. made within the Single Justice Procedure for Transport for London fare evasion cases between April 2018 and May 2019 In addition, during 2018, there were more than 81,000 Supreme Court begins rolling out e-filing for all courts. Enjoy free shipping on all orders over 99$. Court Services processes the information in the court computer system within two business days, she said. Started May 17, 2022, 45002 posted a topic in Telecoms - mobile or fixed, February 26, 2022, BankFodder posted a post in a topic, December 18, 2021, stu007 posted a topic in Homelessness, December 17, 2021, By Pain Relief For Leg Wounds Chronic Back Pain Years After Epidural Causes Of Chronic Side Pain. WebWell do our best to settle out of court. Band B represent your net weekly income, band A 50% of that and band C 150%. Here at Reflex Supplements, our mission is to always provide quality service at an affordable price. But the incident happened on the way back from the interview, I accidentally used her pass without thinking as I was absent minded and very happy at the time because I got the job when a inspector stopped me at the barriers to check the pass which is when I realised that I used the wrong one, again the history of the pass would indicate that I only used it at that barrier (He confiscated the pass from me). 35 Berkeley Square Meanwhile, in the criminal justice system, 2,000 online pleas are now made weekly via our online Make a Plea tool for minor traffic offences and this has been extended to fare evasion cases with Transport for London. Many public transportation riders dont have the cash to pay for a ride to work or school. Can anyone weigh in on who to contact/write to and what to write given the information that I have given to settle this out of court. Many multivitamins sold in Canada also contain vitamin D 3, typically ranging from 400-1000 IU/day. Post in Hermes parcels scandal continues - plus Times Radio interview audio file, Buy a homeless person Christmas Dinner - Social Bite, Accidently took friends student oyster card - 1 use, got caught on bus - TFL fare evasion letter now SPJ, SJPN - Phone went flat - didn't realise i had not paid for train fare when challenged. Fare evasion is categorised as an offence of dishonesty. A mechanism to allow divorce applicants to resolve uncontested cases fully. Heres how its caused more problems, Opinion | Shawn Micallef: Fare evasion may be a problem, but the culture shift we need is a respect for transit riders, The Toronto Star and thestar.com, each property of Toronto Star Call us today at 250-382-7246 for an appointment. With the help of your feedback were doing everything we can to stop people cheating fares. Oyster history can go back for years, as it is stored on the central servers for a variety of reasons, one being crime prevention/detection. hakawaka92 Search Map. However, the imposition of a criminal conviction often carries far more serious consequences and could If you want to appeal against your Unpaid Fare Notice you need to do this within 28 days of it being issued. MICHIGANS RESPONSE (CONT.) Check what's available in store right now. Fines are proposed by our prosecutors as a deterrent and are approved by the courts, he said, adding the transit agency does not receive the money from the fines and would simply prefer if riders would pay their fare. In Minnesota,less than 3 percentof fare evaders are able to pay their fines. Browse by Category. Kyosanto Full mitigation in argument was provided to the Court. Had a car accident? Settling case out of court (fare evasion) | RailUK Forums. The difference between me and her is that I will settle out of court!!! Mitchell received a $235 ticket, which she was told is the lowest fine for fare evasion. You could visit your local CAB, they have access to solicitors. Mayfair If you are unsatisfied by the decision made by LNER you can appeal to the Rail Ombudsman. Find useful information, the address and the phone number of the local business you are looking for. Adequate numbers of staff are required to limit fare evasion, too, which is rocketingit is up to 61 million a year following a reduction in staffing levels. If travelling in breach of your ticket's terms and conditions i.e. All W1J 5BF, Olliers Solicitors Ltd Is it really right that Surrey tax-payers, indeed national tax-payers subsidise cheap bus fares for TfL? We suggest you read the terms and conditions of your ticket carefully before boarding the train, and check for any restrictions that may apply. Step 2 - Appeal Process. Challenges. negotiate an out of court settlement with the train company whereby the prosecution was discontinued. If you are prosecuted by a train company outside of TFL, such as Southeastern Railways or Govia Thameslink, you are likely to be charged under Regulation of Railways Act 1889. Started October 27, 2022, By Once Court proceedings have been initiated there is no set of criteria This means they avoid receiving a criminal record. Search Products. I have successfully helped many people secure and out of court settlement result in no court case to answer and more importantly no criminal record. +051 2824336; info@hashootrust.org; murders in maryland 2020. maison a louer st marc haiti. On this day travelled beyond validity on Ticket No. If you dont, you could incur non-refundable administration fees. It shouldnt be any different for fare evasion on public transportation. The good news In many cases, defendants have managed to successfully negotiate an out of court settlement that allows them to pay a fine and avoid a criminal record. FUEL VICTORIA. Redhill - Tel: 01737 761004 Haywards Heath - Tel: 01444 411333 the company agreed to an out-of-court settlement. Fare evasion in Washington, D.C. is now a civil offense with a $50 fine, rather than a criminal offense with up to 10 days in jail and a $300 fine. Looked at this MCOL it asks how much I am claiming it will not let you go any further without putting a figure in? At worst, punishment for fare evasion should be treated like failure to pay a parking ticket or highway toll. Two of the key driversof fare evasion are inconvenient or broken fare collection systems and poverty neither of which can be addressed by police. Features. The number of tickets isssued for fare evasion on the TTC jumped by 800 per cent in five years, a trend expected to continue as the transit agency hires more fare inspectors. Will be issued with penalty fare remains unpaid fare is free experian credit from london underground penalty fare zone, most other cities such as to pay a legalistic approach to. Health Essentials Supplements at Suite 101-300 Gorge Rd W, Victoria BC V9A 1M8, 250-590-5524. Home > Canada > Victoria, BC > Health Essentials Supplements . Freepost - Rail Ombudsman1st FloorPremier HouseArgyle WayStevenageHertfordshireSG1 2AD. The number of tickets isssued for fare evasion on the TTC jumped by 800 per cent in five years, a trend expected to continue as the transit agency hires more fare inspectors. With increasing calls for defunding police, decriminalizing fare evasion is a no-brainer. Vitamins. Find out when tickets are available for your journey. Said bring it on, I'll be bringing a baby to court, make sure I can breastfeed. Browse Nearby. 3. A criminal offence for fare evasion requires intent to avoid payment which is absent in this case. I am thankful for Chris and the opportunity he has given me to become a brand ambassador at Popeyes Supplements Victoria. You have an Advance ticket, but get on an alternative service to the one shown on your reservation coupon (or you dont have the corresponding seat reservation needed to validate your ticket), Youre traveling on a peak service with an Off-Peak or Super Off-Peak ticket, You have a ticket purchased with a Railcard discount but dont have the valid Railcard with you (or you havent met the conditions of the Railcard), You are in First Class accommodation but only have a Standard ticket, Youre aged 16 years or older, but have a Child rate ticket, Youve travelled beyond the destination of your ticket, Your ticket is only valid with an alternative Train Operator, The reason why you couldnt produce a valid ticket or authority to travel, The station where you started your rail journey, The exact date and time you were travelling, Any other relevant information or documents such as tickets and booking confirmations. TfL fare evasion successfully settled OOC. But in most U.S. cities, public transit riders can be charged with a misdemeanor for failure to pay the full fare. Gray Hooper Holt LLP Solicitors. Mitchell said she spent time trying to find information relating to her case on the Toronto court services website, but she couldnt find any. 21 February 2012 8:41 pm. Train Fare Evasion. If you're unable to access our ticket retail facilities as a result of a disability. Closed now . In 2014, Jonathan Burrows paid 43,000 for repeated Fare Evasion over a period of 5 years in order to avoid obtaining a criminal record. New on Yelp Fawcett is a furniture and mattress manufacturer based out of a small factory in the Rock Bay neighbourhood of Victoria, BC. If you are asked to purchase a ticket onboard the train, this will be at the full Standard or First Class single rate and you wont be able to use a Railcard discount. With our intervention and assistance an out of court negotiation was reached and the case dropped. I don't have any of the initial correspondence and from what I have been told is that they have been destroyed by the current occupants of the address. Share the love Tell a friend about the Consumer Action Group - your National Consumer Service, Are you buying a used car? You will now be issued with a User ID for your government gateway account. (c) Assaults and threats of assault, perpetrated against Crosscountry employees in the course of their duties. A conviction for fare evasion could have led to regulatory intervention and his dismissal. Phone number (250) 384-0495. For 2015, 2,477 tickets were issued all year; in 2019, the number stood at 19,871. Located in Victoria, we carry a wide range of vitamins to help you feel your best. Not sure when they would have got the first letter(s) but I wouldn't have expected them to hold on to them and ideally they should have returned it to the sender. Well the fine will be either 20 or double the price for the normal journey (in my case 80-100). YO1 0ET. Other Vitamins & Supplements Nearby. It may be that engaging with the kangaroo court appeal process just encouraged the fleecers to think you would give in, or it might be that a stupid small company like Bank Parking are just being arrogant and haven't a clue about the thrashing you will hopefully be giving them. Restaurants. But as I have said, there is no guaratee. Although conventional medicine can play a powerful role in preventing and curing many unpleasant diseases, for some ailments herbal remedies and nutritional supplements may also be of benefit. Please contact Ruth Peters to discuss your case and how Olliers can assist you. The penalty is 20.00* or TWICE the appropriate single fare from the station where you started your journey to either the next station at which the train stops, or the station you leave the train**, whichever is the greater amount. Asus Zenfone 2 Deluxe, Accepts Apple Pay. The letter would ask that the matter is resolved by TFL issuing a In 2015, Peter Barnett, a barrister, was accused of also Metro says it generally does not arrest people for fare evasion alone, TfL carries out a criminal records check during recruitment, or theft of services, is a class A misdemeanor and the most common charge in Manhattan's criminal court, with nearly 10,000 arrests in 2016 alone, according to the district attorney's office. Better if you let a solicitor contact them. 2019-11-14 - 01:24 Henry. Any advice is very much appreciated. This is the first time that anything of this sort has happen to me and as things stand I do not have a criminal record and as a graduate aeronautical engineer any convictions will severely effect my career. TFL COURT FINE APPLYIN ILR. Anyway, their case is extremely weak, so get on with dx's steps ASAP. 1 de novembro de 20211 de novembro de 2021 0 Curtidas. Convictions under bye-laws are not recorded on the Police National Computer (PNC) and so will not normally show up on a standard DBS Check. Started June 11, 2022, By Sun 11am to 5pm. Unfortunately, if your appeal to the ombudsman isnt successful, this is our final decision. As previously advised TfL does not record out of court settlements by ticket types. And I am being prosecuted by London Underground, I also have a address and the name of the prosecutions manager. Despite refusing to agree an out of court settlement the court took the view that the client should not be punished by a conviction in their record. Learn more about the fare evasion law in the UK and get professional advice from qualified Fare Evasion Solicitors. That means your intention makes no difference, for example, if you say you made a mistake and you intended to pay. you MUST file a defence regardless by day 33 from the date on the claimform. And failure to pay a citation means jail time. WebThe Fare Evasion Decriminalization Act of 2017 ( Bill 22-408) makes fare evasion a civil offense punishable by a fine of no more than $50. These numbers will likely continue to shoot up as the TTC continues its crackdown on fare evaders. Sponsored Results. If you are charged with evading a TfL fare, it is a strict liability offence. Top. (3) At Tea and Supplements we know that supplements are an important part of your holistic healing plan. We are committed to producing work of an exceptional more. Close search. They will be in for a shock, in any case wrong registration number is de minimis, and PCN not compliant. She said even the officer told her disputing it was the right thing to do: prove that you usually tap on every ride, show a history of uploading money on the card and you might get a significant reduction on the fine. Furniture Stores, Mattresses (250) 384-2558. Samir constantly reassured me and answered all of my anxious phone calls! Health Essentials Supplements . When exchanging your Permit to Travel for a ticket, please contact us through the Modmail. Also, have you used this card in the past? She has card that card for 6 or more years, I can find out exactly if that helps. 103-3680 Uptown Blvd, Victoria, BC V8Z 0B9 Get directions. Eliminating the fare entirely would promote mobility as a human right. What a shock they are going to get when they discover that the registered keeper. You could be the first review for Reflex Supplements. According to information from the TTC, a total of 973 fare evasion tickets were handed out in 2014 (there werent any issued for the first seven months of that year). The outstanding fare avoided is 8.50 and this amount is claimed, together with the sum of 135 for prosecution costs. 4 reviews $ Inexpensive Vitamins Nutrition in Victoria, BC. There isno evidencethat lighter penalties for evasion lead to revenue loss for transit areas, but there is overwhelming evidence that criminal penalties for fare evasion make transit risky for riders and operators. The only exceptions to this are: In these circumstances you can buy any ticket available on the train, on the day of travel, including any Railcard discounts that apply. One of the key ways were doing this is by bringing criminal proceedings whenever we believe fare evasion amounts to deliberate fraud. http://www.adviceguide.org.uk/wales/consumer_w/consumer_post_e/consumer_problems_with_post_e/consumer_problems_with_post_delivery_e/youre_receiving_someone_elses_mail.htm, DON'T GIVE UP, THIS SITE WILL PROVIDE YOU WITH GUIDANCE AND EMPOWERMENT, Please let us know how your problem has been resolved, it could help fellow Caggers. If you wish to appeal the decision by the Debt Recovery and Prosecutions Team, please submit your comments and attach any relevant evidence to ecdr@lner.co.uk or alternatively post to: DRPU, PO Box 632, York. I used my oyster top up on the way to the interview into oxford station but on the way home from the interview I accidentally used it at oxford circus underground station (both have the same covers). We Can Help with Any Health Concerns Our Toronto and Victoria, BC Customers May Have. vdishy. To get the latest information on store hours and closures, please visit the stores website. what are chances of survival? They evade out of necessity. A genuine mistake or misunderstanding can still result in these consequences. However, they may still show on an enhanced disclosure. Best Vitamins & Supplements in Victoria, BC. Republication or distribution of this content is Fruits et lgumes bio, #achatlocalenligne. Miss L said "two thumbs up for the great and prompt service". Almost nobody expects jail time for failure to pay a parking ticket or highway toll, right? If you have a ticket, but its not valid for the journey, you will be requested to either pay an excess fare or purchase a new one (depending on the type of ticket that you have). So if you want a smooth journey, you need to keep your ticket safe. Caught using Mothers Freedom Pass - settled OOC - any chance of getting the freedom pass back? Bill 22-408 recognizes that no one Over a fifth of transit ridershave an annual income under $15,000. then log in to the MCOL Website select respond to a claim and select the start AOS box. Many also say the fines for fare evaders are disproportionate compared to the penalties for other infractions. They have been chasing the wrong people and now it is too late for them now to pursue them Recently, with minimal publicity, there has been a proposal made that would close the vast majority of ticket offices at London Overground stations. An out of court settlement was achieved very quickly. Holistic Nutrition focuses on the significance of poor nutrition as a major cause of a wide range of health disorders. application of binomial distribution in civil engineering Well It looks like they are wise to this and probably don't feel they are making enough money from it, so the standard fine for an out of court settlement is 250 - This is such a money making scam from TFL when there is penalty fare in place and even the mayoral guide lines for prosecution is that it should be used for repeat offenders. Although it becomes spent depending on sentence. We are still providing legal advice and assistance to our clients throughout the Covid 19 situation, our phone lines are open as normal and Often defendants attend court assuming that they must enter a guilty plea and then deal with the potentially far reaching consequences. Enter your email address where asked. On this day travelled beyond validity on Ticket No. Browse by Brand. All cases are provisionally listed for a court hearing, however for the majority of cases we try to provide you with the opportunity of paying an out of court settlement rather than progress legal proceedings. On the eve of his first court appearance we persuaded the prosecution to settle the case. The Popeye's Supplements - Victoria, Victoria. Open until 5:00 pm. 14 August 2008 at 20:56 Case was settled out of court by payment of legal costs to the rail authority. Why don't you change your profile picture?? you do NOT counter claim!! I'm not sure if that will help, I guess I'll have to use that in conjunction with the history of my card and hope for the best. City spokesperson Cheryl San Juan told the Star in an email a enforcement officer has seven business days from the date they serve the ticket to file the certificate of offence with the court. as I pointed out earlier, means that TfL receives more and more income from fares. We will build on the work to digitise the single justice process in Lavender Hill for Transport for London fare evasion cases to include TV Licensing and DVLA cases enabling greater numbers of high-volume, low-level offences to be dealt with more efficiently. Top. From 6 July, all London buses will go completely cashless and passengers will only be able to ride using an Oyster, contactless payment card or certain prepaid tickets. Oh great, I never knew that they stored it for that long, on a side note with the witness statement the London underground sent me, they sent a photo copy of the front and back of the pass but more importantly a print out of the oyster card history, well the last 10 uses and that show one use at oxford circus on that date and the others are for bus journeys in my local area with the next one being a week before the incident. Police national computer and Court. Did not purchase a ticket and subsequently travel without a ticket; Travel on a ticket issued to another person such as a student Oyster Card, Freedom Pass or other type of discounted travel card; Intentionally travel further than the ticket allows them to; Deliberately pass through ticket barriers without paying; or. It is an offence to board the train without a ticket, where none of the exceptions above apply. Tanning Beds Available | 1st Month $30/Unlimited | No Appointment Necessary About; Coaches; Events; Blog; Contact; Shopping Cart; Shop Products; Shop . A civil settlement such as the one in question here does not require intent to avoid payment. Best Brain Training, I am Joey, I have helped over 300 people deal with fare evasion and TFL court cases. Click Create sign in details A used car? M3 3WF. This is what we seek to achieve on your behalf, by settling the matter out of court. Took details and my Oyster card with 11 on it. Check what's available in store right now. If you cant pay the fare on the spot, an authorised member of staff (Train Manager, Revenue Protection staff) may issue you with an Unpaid Fare Notice (UFN). You almost have to be at a racing speed to get the same cost of a ticket that you get for evading a $3.25 fee, she said. An estimate of fare evasion offences during the lockdown in the UK. A person might be accused of travelling with intent to avoid paying a fare if they: Transport forLondon and other rail authorities usually write to an individual suspected of fare evasion, asking them to respond to the allegation. (c) Assaults and threats of assault, perpetrated against Crosscountry employees in the course of their duties. If they do decide to prosecute, you should receive a summons or postal requisition in the post, providing a date when the matter will be heard at court. All. Take a look at details of all the ticket types available, along with their terms and conditions, and restrictions. He was always available and gave us advice on the phone. Redhill - Tel: 01737 761004 Haywards Heath - Tel: 01444 411333 the company agreed to an out-of-court settlement. Since joining Manak Solicitors in May 2021, Samir has settled cases out of Court with Southeastern, Govia Thameslink, TFL, Chiltern Railways, Greater Anglia, Transport Investigations, South West Trains, Northern Rail. JTS were successful today in securing an out of court settlement for a client accused of fare evasion by TFL. Walden Farms Blueberry Syrup. I do have a LCCC case reference number on the letter that I got at my parents house, is that of any use? Train company agree settlement out of court Our client had trained and worked with children and young people since leaving university, including working in the USA. (b) Contraventions of the National Railways Byelaws 2005. From the beginning he made me feel less anxious about the situation and more importantly, quickly delivered the results he said he would. Vitamins and Supplements in Victoria, BC. Fare evasion is categorised as an offence of dishonesty. Fare evasion is categorised as an offence of dishonesty. Supplements. That's why I'll leave it up to the professionals, but I appreciate the advice. https://t.co/HxxvnW8df6, Customer not paid for goods, delaying payment. Please note that store hours may be subject to change without notice. Webfare evasion settle out court 2020; murders in maryland 2020. https://t.co/l8uiYdNWBW, Small Claims track issues. I also love cats. Thanks, I totally forgot about citizen's advice bureau, it probably wont be the best option but might be my only option. Thank you for replying, your post is very helpful but I think its better off for me to get someone that knows what they are doing to act on my behalf since even though I did it accidentally, I did something wrong and I am willing to pay for my mistake even if a solicitor will wipe out any savings I have left and will leave me broke, a loss in income in my chosen industry would be far greater. I'm being charged with "attempting to travel on the railway without having previously paid the fare and with intent to avoid payment thereof contrary to s.5(3)(a) of the regulation of Railways Act 1889 as amended by Section 84 (2) of the transport Act 1962 and Section 18 of the British Railways Act 1970". So yes, a lot of people do it, and a lot of people are caught and prosecuted. I will update in due course once I hear anything but the likelihood is that I'll have to go to court. Thats an unfair amount of money for a $3.25 infraction, she said, adding its embarrassing to be fined in front of all the riders. @AvantiWestCoast denied me entry with valid @CrossCountryUK ticket, confirms in writing that their company policy is to threaten customers. Begin by sending a statutory request for your personal data. I'm sorry you're having to go through this. Search items. Description: Reflex Supplements is located in Victoria, BC and has been servicing all of Victoria and the surrounding areas for many years. Best Vitamins and Supplements in Victoria See All Vitamins and Supplements (8) Sort By. Prosecution can have serious consequences on your personal and professional life. WebNo products in the cart. defend all honeybee13 note down your details inc the long gateway number given, you might need it later. Client C held a senior position in an investment firm. Vitamins & Food Supplements, Fitness Gyms. V8W 2A5 Mon-Fri: 9:00am - 5:30pm; Sat: 9:30am - 5:30pm; Sun: 11:00am - 5:00pm (23) Operating as usual. I went in for surgery on 7 July 2015. I think it's worth a try. We have a new class of inspectors starting very soon and then the hiring for new special constables will begin, said TTC spokesperson Stuart Green. Payments must be made to LNER within 28 days of the date of issue of the Unpaid Fare Notice and the payment options available are: If LNER dont receive your payment within 28 days of issue, non-refundable administration charges may be added to the outstanding amount and legal proceedings could be brought against you as part of the Railway Byelaws and the Regulation of Railways Act 1889, Section 5.3(a).