micrococcus luteus biochemical tests micrococcus luteus biochemical tests

I extracted the DNA using the PowerSoil DNA kit (manufactured by Qiagen) following manufacturer instructions. It grew in circular, entire, convex and creamy yellow pigmented colonies heaving 0.5-2.5 diameter. The mammalian skin that has M. luteus strain is also highly sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics. They occur in pairs, tetrads or clusters but not in chains. Structure and PhysiologyThis bacteria is Gram-positive, spherical, and an obligate aerobe. Some are based on monoclonal antibodies, and others on simple, rapid . In the case of a negative test, no colour change is observed. Notice that beta-hemolysis results in a total lysis or clearing of the agar in the area of colony growth. AACC.org The conflicting results of the metagenome binning and the catalase test influenced this mistake. Many of the tests did line up with M. luteus though, such as the fluid thyoglycate test, which showed that it was an obligate aerobe. Unlike other actinobacteria, M. luteus expresses only one resuscitation-promoting factor that is required for the emergence from dormancy and has few other dormancy-related proteins. Micrococcus spp. Gamma or no hemolysis results in no characteristic display in the vicinity of the colony. There have been several deaths in immuno-compromised children that are caused by. A number of sophisticated tools are now available for clinical diagnosis. Shape (Cocci/Diplococci/Rods) Cocci. They also produce yellow or pink colonies when they are grown on the mannitol salt agar, micrococcus flavus, M. terreus, and M. yunnanensis. The skin infections or chronic cutaneous infections that are caused can result in pruritic eruptions of the skin in some of the areas as well as scattered papule lesions with or without central ulcerations. Benecky M. J.; Frew J. E.; Scowen N; Jones P, Hoffman B. M (1993). Micrococcus (pleural-micrococci) is free-living in the environment and also normal flora of the skin. Gram-positive organisms appear purple under the microscope as opposed to the other category of bacterial cell with its own unique cell wall, the Gram-negative rod or coccus, which stains red. Staphylococcus spp. Alpha-hemolytic colonies often assume a greenish hue. It is an aerobic exopolysaccharide producing bacteria that may be found on the skin, mouth and sometimes in the throat of mammals 13,14. Colony morphology, the elucidation of the characteristics of the growth of the bacterium on agar medium, in most cases trypticase soy agar containing 5% sheep blood (sBAP). Although the initial placement of the Gram- positive cocci into broad categories is relatively easy, further classification of some isolates can be challenging and requires a battery of tests to arrive at a definitive identification. The first control consisted of plates of agar-agar to test sterility. The catalase test tests to see if the microbe contains catalase. Although it's tempting to write a summary of the entire study but it . Cells are catalase positive, oxidase positive, and exhibit strictly aerobic metabolism. As mentioned, the type of hemolytic reaction produced on sBAP is a major clue toward the identification of the genus. There have been several deaths in immuno-compromised children that are caused by leukemia from the pulmonary hemorrhages because of Micrococcus. This presentation will focus on the laboratory tests useful for the differentiation among the families as opposed to the more complicated differentiation and identification of the organisms within the different genera. M. luteus is an obligate aerobe (Medical Laboratories). They have a respiratory metabolism, often producing little or no acid from carbohydrates, and are usually halotolerant, growing in 5% NaCl. ? Online Copy of Unknown ID Chart.xlsx - Biochemical Pr Three bacteria, E.coli, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Micrococcus luteus, have been grown on TSI or Triple sugar iron agar medium, which is a . Micrococcus species occur in a wide range of environments, including dust, water, and soil. Characteristics. When looking at the antibiotic test results, the isolate is resistant to none of the applied antibiotics, and is only lightly to intermediately resistant to oxacillin. Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit (ab288102) | Abcam Staphylococci were distinguished by their ability to form acid from glucose anaerobically and sarcinas by the formation of cubical packets. [3] Its genome was sequenced in 2010 and is one of the smallest genomes of free-living Actinomycetota sequenced to date, comprising a single circular chromosome of 2,501,097 bp.[4]. This matches up with the PATRIC metagenome binning which also showed some impurities (Figure 1). I grew my isolated in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) for a week to prepare for DNA extraction. Micrococcus species are oxidase-positive, which can be used to distinguish them from other bacteria like most Staphylococcus species, which are generally oxidase-negative. Only those with compromised immune systems are thought to be susceptible to an infection.DisinfectionM. Intermediates or end products of these varied metabolic activities can be detected by performing biochemical assays on a bacterial culture. Like MSA, this medium also contains the pH indicator, phenol red. This is likely either a cause of human error, unpure cultures, or not using agar plates that are fresh enough for the test. Biochemical Tests Lab Report.docx - Biochemical Tests in [3] Alcaligenes faecalis Bacillus megaterium . Micrococcus - Classification, Infection, Treatment, Tests and FAQs Micrococcus luteus has been shown to survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time. Each family of Gram-positive cocci has its own unique configuration. I think based on all this information, that my microbe is in fact micrococcus luteus as suggested by the PATRIC metagenome binning test, and the krona (Figure 1). Reduction of O2 produces superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, or the hydroxyl radical. Basics of Differentiation of Gram Positive Cocci | AACC.org Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview - Microbe Notes Wieser et al. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and creamy yellow-pigmented colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days at 37C. Beta-hemolysis is a defining characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus and a certain streptococci. This fits well with where I sampled my bacterium from, as a shower drain is a place where both dust and water would accumulate, along with residues of skin glands from showering. Micrococcus Luteus As a Cause of Recurrent Bacteremia - Lww Colonies typically have a lemon-yellow pigment. Once a presumptive identification has been made based on colony and microscopic morphology and the catalase reaction, additional tests can be performed to establish the genus and species of the organism. all 3 tests done w/SIM deeps just add Kovac's reagent for Indole test Alcaligenes faecalis (left) - . The genome of the Micrococcus is rich in guanine and cytosine, they typically exhibit about 65 to 75% GC-content. The Micrococcus genus is known to be found on dust particles, in water, on skin and skin glands in vertebrates, and some species can be found in milk. The genus Micrococcus consists of Gram-positive spheres occurring in tetrads and in irregular clusters that are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming. They grow on simple media and their colonies are usually pigmented. . Another set of tests that I performed were physiological tests, including testing for oxygen class with fluid thyoglycate, checking for catalase using hydrogen peroxide, checking for cytochrome c oxidase using oxidase test strips, and using an API 20 E test strip to test for various different physiological traits such as Sulphur reduction, which had 20 different tests. Micrococcus species are oxidase-positive, where these can be used to distinguish them from some other bacteria like most of the Staphylococcus species, which are generally oxidase-negative. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. I then transferred the pure culture into a TSB slant to preserve it, keeping it at around 3 degrees Celsius in the lab refrigerator. The organism itself is susceptible to almost all drugs, with a few strains being resistant to nitrofurantoin, macrolides and lincomycin (Public Health Canada). Micrococcus are aerobic, Gram-positive cocci ranging in size from 0.5 to 2.0 m in diameter. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. Gliotoxin treatment selectively spares MCSF plus IL3responsive 91 988-660-2456 (Mon-Sun: 9am - 11pm IST), Want to read offline? 2019). This bacterium is often arranged in the form of circular tetrads and it forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. It is mostly Actinobacteria, but some Proteobacteria and Firmicules are in the sample as well. Micrococcus varians Micrococcus luteus Staphylococcus saprophyticus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus mitis They are seldom motile and are non-sporing. If an organism is capable of fermenting the sugar glucose, then acidic byproducts are formed and the pH indicator turns yellow. Bharath. [7], In 2003, it was proposed that one strain of Micrococcus luteus, ATCC 9341, be reclassified as Kocuria rhizophila. Micrococcus spp. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. The gram stain of this microbe showed that it is gram positive because it stained purple. This is a test commonly used when trying to identify Gram-negative enteric bacteria, all of which are glucose fermenters but only some of which produce gas. The two unifying characteristics of these four families are their coccoid shape and the fact that they stain purple in the Grams method for visualizing bacteria microscopically. Micrococcus is the Gram-positive cocci that are about 0.5 to 3.5 micrometres in diameter and usually, these are arranged in tetrads or in irregular clusters. For the detection of oxidase enzyme, filter paper circular disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in dimethyl sulfoxide are used. The previous classification of these organisms was much simpler; however, with the use of more advanced genetic sequencing methods, these gram-positive cocci have expanded into 4 separate families and their associated genera. In the last control, agar-agar was inoculated with 1 mL of M. luteus washed live cells and incubated for 24 h at 37 C. The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. These results might not be trustworthy. Where the M. luteus can cause severe skin infections and is sometimes clinically mistaken for Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast to staphylococci, usually, penicillin is sensitive. An interesting remaining family member, Microoccus antarcticus, was isolated from Antarctica, and is capable of growing at 4C. Habitat Micrococcus lives in a wide range of environments such as water, soil, and the dust whereas, Staphylococcus lives in the animal body. Micrococcus luteus - Citizendium Micrococcus and Kocuria species are common human commensals. Bacteria Collection: Micrococcus luteus Additional Information. A rare case of prosthetic valve endocarditis is caused by Micrococcus luteus, it is described and compared with the few cases that are reported in the literature, as well as the clinical features, microbiological profile, therapy, and prognosis of common prosthetic valve endocarditis. Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. 2023 Universe84a.com | All Rights Reserved, Blog: Microbiology and infectious disease, Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Test: Introduction, Result, Unit, Normal Range, Test Method, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes, Anti -TPO Antibody: Introduction, Test Result, Unit, Normal Range, Assaying Method, and Keynotes, HPV Genes detection using Real-Time PCR: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result Interpretation and Keynotes, Microbiology Reporting Techniques: Introduction, List of Templates, and Keynotes, Acetamide Utilization Test: Introduction, Composition, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Limitations, and Keynotes, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/887570/UK_SMI_ID_07i4.pdf, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrococcus_luteus, https://europepmc.org/article/med/14576986, https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(13)01146-2/fulltext. Micrococcus lutues are Gram positive cocci that are 0.5 to 3.5 m in diameter and arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters. SUMMARY: 1250 Gram-positive and catalase-positive cocci were isolated from bacon, pig and human skin and dust, and their morphology, physiology and biochemical characters examined. The oxidase test was negative, as the strip did not change color at all, where it would have turned purple if it was positive. Coagulase production is used as a virulence factor by the organism. Finally, when looking at the API 20E strip none of the results returned positive despite the culture being active and fresh from being streaked recently. The reactions of the four isolates indicated that they belonged to the species M. Zuteus (Kocur & Martinec, 1972). Other articles where Micrococcus luteus is discussed: Micrococcus: found in milk, such as M. luteus, M. varians, and M. freudenreichii, are sometimes referred to as milk micrococci and can result in spoilage of milk products. J Gen Microbiol 30(1963)409-427 . Micrococcus luteus was one of the early examples of novel codon usage,[5][6] which led to the conclusion that the genetic code is not static, but evolves. Another test I did to identify my isolate was DNA analysis, described in lab handouts 5 and 7. The staphylococci are characterized by the formation of clusters of many cocci. Your email address will not be published. The Kocuria rhizophila strain ATCC 9341 has been used in quality control for sterility testing, as a test for the effectiveness of antibiotics and fungicides, and for doxycycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol susceptibility testing since 1966 under the designation Micrococcus luteus [4]. AACC uses cookies to ensure the best website experience. . 2- M. luteus 3- M.roseus Culture: - Strictly aerobic at 37C incubation (24 hr) - Grow on ordinary media Nutrient agar - Blood agar and on the Blood agar M. roseus (pink) M. luteus (white) M.varians (yellow) - On m annitol salt agar grow given r ise to rose or pink colonies except M. roseus. Micrococcus is a genus of bacteria that is present in the Micrococcaceae family. The Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Vancomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim, and Cefazdin antibiotics showed obvious susceptibility, with most of them having enormous rings of 50 to 52 millimeters while the threshold for resistance is only 15 millimeters. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. Required fields are marked *. appear as agents of infection causing endocarditis. These discrepancies could be due to human error, unpure culture, or an old agar plate. I hypothesized that it would be a bacteria commonly found in the nasal cavities and likely from the aforementioned phyla, so it would likely do best living in an aerobic, humid, and warm environment. Filter paper disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (oxidase reagent) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are used. See answer (1) best answer. This is in agreement with a study by Mohana et al., (2013) who reported that the carotenoid pigments had antioxidant properties of Micrococcus luteus was reported at IC50 of 4.5mg/ml, also the . Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. This is designated as beta ()-hemolysis. So far there are two genome sequences that have been done. Welcome to this Pearl of Laboratory Medicine on Basics of Differentiation of Gram-positive Cocci.. If acid is produced, the pH indicator will turn yellow. Many members of the genus have been reclassified into other genera. What are the Diseases that are Caused By Micrococcus? "Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances Micrococcus spp", "Genome sequence of the Fleming strain of Micrococcus luteus, a simple free-living actinobacterium", "Role of GC-biased mutation pressure on synonymous codon choice in Micrococcus luteus, a bacterium with a high genomic GC-content", "Reclassification of ATCC 9341 from Microccus luteus to Kocuria rhizophila", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=1132534318, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 January 2023, at 09:24. Micrococcus luteus - Wikipedia They are generally strict aerobes and these can generally reduce nitrate concentration. The pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, is notably coagulase-positive while most other members of the family are coagulase-negative. All pathogenic strains of S. aureus are coagulase positive whereas the nonpathogenic species (S. epidermidis for example) are coagulase negative. Members of the Staphylcocci can be differentiated based on production of the enzyme coagulase. The staphylococci and micrococci are catalase producers while the streptococci, enterococci, and a variety of other Gram-positive cocci are catalase-negative. They usually can occur in the irregular clusters, tetrads, and in pairs, where the individual cells are about one to 1.8 mm in diameter and these are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming in nature. Optimum growth temperature is 25-37 C. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. Cell surface of Micrococcus luteus: chemical treatment of the - PubMed Though not a spore former, the Micrococcus cells can survive for an extended period of time, both at refrigeration temperatures and in nutrient-poor conditions such as sealed in amber. (2010) What are microbes? Enterococcus faecalis. The MacConkey agar showed very little growth, and did not have a change in color, indicating that the microbe was gram positive and not a fermenter. Retrieved 22:17, April 16, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=890960280, Your email address will not be published. The colony morphology of being yellow, shiny and smooth line up perfectly with M. luteus (Public Health England). The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. Micrococcus luteus has been shown to survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time. Finally I used different antibiotic disks to check for its resistance to antibiotics, using Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Vancomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim, Oxacillin, and Cefazdin. Micrococcus species are more sensitive to the Bacitracin while the staphylococci are resistant. They are found in many other places in the, M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of all the bacteria. The configurations are the result of the plane of cellular division exhibited by the organism. Micrococcus A study with 188 micrococci, identified only to the genus level, demonstrated MICs at achievable concentrations for most -lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, clindamycin and the most active drug in vitro, rifampin. Basics of Differentiation of Gram Positive Cocci, Author: Karen Krisher Micrococcus luteuswere discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming before he discovered penicillin in 1928. However, the most promising antibiotic regimen that is proposed for the treatment of the Micrococcus luteus seems to be a combination of amikacin, vancomycin, and rifampicin. I also did a fluid thioglycolate test to determine the bacterias oxygen class. As its name suggests, mannitol salt agar (MSA) contains 1% mannitol (sugar), 7.5% salt, and agar as a solidifying agent. Klebsiella pneumoniae Micrococcus luteus Micrococcus roseus Proteus mirabilis Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhimurium Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus . The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. It shows that it is mostly Actinobacteria, with some firmicules ,and proteobacteria mixed in (Figure 2). Micrococci may be distinguished from staphylococci by a modified oxidase test as shown below-. Micrococcus luteus can synthesize the iso-branched and anteiso-branched alkenes by the head-to-head condensation of fatty-acid thioesters. While every effort is made to ensure details distributed by Culture Collections are accurate, Culture Collections cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracies in the data supplied. They can even survive in conditions that have very little of even no oxygen, using glycolysis and alternative electron acceptors to create ATP. Recently, as an opportunistic pathogen, this organism was recognized and it has been implicated in recurrent bacteremia, septic arthritis, septic shock, endocarditis, intracranial suppuration, meningitis, and cavitating pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients.