Bioelectromagnetics. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. Int J Occup Environ Health. Sci STKE. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Microwave Radiation Effects on Humans - JSTOR Koch C, Zador A. 2009;64:2314. 2013;42:428. 2005;25:10190201. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. These conclusions are presented in Table2. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. 2012;31:25074. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Dasdag et al. 1992;114:16202. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Biol Chem. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. Physiol Behav. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. 1992;6:379. Google Scholar. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Wang et al. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. CAS Trends Cell Biol. Brain Res. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. 2010;86:37683. PubMed Microwave Health Effects The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. PubMed Central 2013;32:27380. Chin J Indus Hyg. J Neurosci Methods. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Xu et al. Do Microwaves Affect Your Health? The Impact of Microwave Radiation - WebMD Pathophysiology. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Sareesh et al. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health - PubMed Abe M, Bonini NM. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Microwave Radiations and Its Effects on Human Health-A Review 2015;91:55561. Neuroreport. CAS [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. Gold PE. Acta Neurol Belg. 2002;57:2702. Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net Correspondence to Google Scholar. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. Brain Res Rev. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. PLoS One. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. 2016;397:2239. J Neuro-Oncol. 1994;8:714. Biomed Environ Sci. 2010;473:525. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Int J Radiat Biol. Dasdag et al. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . Int J Epidemiol. Google Scholar. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. 2003;80:194210. Xiong et al. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. 2013;23:306. 2007;28:187380. 2010;2010. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Wang Q, Cao Z. 1997;44:99104. 2012;31:6774. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. 2004;23:20114. 2016;25:31827. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. 2003;140:147. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . PubMed Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Biochem J. Thus, Cosquer et al. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Behav Brain Res. Neuroreport. Google Scholar. 2006;398:2537. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Ning et al. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Rev Environ Health. 2006;12:44651. However,. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus eliminating microwave and RF sources. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged 1992;49:1818. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. Cite this article. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. 2014;53:22230. 2006;98:170713. PubMed After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. 2013;34:26474. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. J Mol Neurosci. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. Arch Environ Health. 1984;11:4760. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. Eastern J Med. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Overview | Occupational Safety Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. 2004;155:3743. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. . Cell Biochem Biophys. 2011;31:2293301. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Here's What Would Happen If Your Body Was Microwaved - Grunge.com J Sleep Res. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Health Effects | Occupational J Electromagnet Anal. Article Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Radiat Res. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Richter et al. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. 2008;29:52738. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. 2001;93:2037. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. 2005;1042:1018. CAS Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Merola et al. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 2011;174:211. Bioelectromagnetics. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Bioelectromagnetics. Motawi et al. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. 2002;13:11921. P Nat Acad. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. 2004;996:8996. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. 2009;4:e4389. 2012;21:6209. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Cosquer et al. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . 2006;27:16471. 2015;91:42634. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Bioelectromagnetics. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Bioelectromagnetics. Synapse. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108].