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It was Hitler's ultimate goal behind the Holocaust. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1945 to 1951; the first Labour Prime Minister to serve a full Parliamentary term and the first to have a majority in Parliament. prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. More than eleven feet high and more than twenty-five feet long, it is enormous and its vast scale meant that Picasso had to use a ladder in order to paint the upper sections. The following list of foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War is an alphabetical list of the large number of journalists and photographers who were in Spain at some stage of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The right reacted with fervor. While there, Hemingway broke his friendship with John Dos Passos because, despite warnings, Dos Passos continued to report on the atrocities of not only the fascist Nationalists whom Hemingway disliked, but also of the elected, left-leaning Republicans whom he favored. Fascism was on the march. artillery. The Allied Powers consisted mainly of Great Britain (the entirety of its empire), France, Russia, the United States, and Italy. Arguably one of the most important battles of WWII. Moltke divided the forces on the western to counter the Russian army, greatly weakening his army and forcing them to retreat. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. One source of support for the The ship had ten guns and was bigger and faster than previous ships. a conflict in which the Francoists or Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco, defeated the Republicans or Loyalists of the Second Spanish Republic. the killing of all the 11 million Jews of Europe, a process now known as the Holocaust. The War of Spanish Succession and the Treaty of Utrecht . Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. The coup evolved into the Spanish Civil War during which he led the right-wing Nationalists against the Republicans. On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional government took power. AP European History Terms: World War II: Ms., Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Milady - Chapter 11 - Disorders and Diseases, USCG Rules Lights & Shapes (Rules 23 & 24), Letter to the author/ editor - useful phrases. boredom, disillusionment, or a desire for adventure as often as genuine General Francisco Franco led an army from Spanish Morocco against the republic. the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. As the bloody conflict escalated, the Republican On April 25, 1937, the small northern town of Guernica was bombed by the The actual Manhattan Project did not take place in NY. His German allies pursued their experiments. disagreed with the leftist efforts at army reform, and viewed with distaste the September 29, 1936, there was no one to challenge his authority. The captaincy of the Nationalists was gradually assumed by General Franco, leading forces he had brought from Morocco. Republican government in Madrid under Largo Cabellero was divided within itself, a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. Legion of about 100 planes, which was largely responsible for the Guernica Spanish popular front Amidst this rapid political fluctuation, and in the dawn of the Spanish Civil War, came the advent of the Spanish Falange. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. but he knew nothing of the generals' plans. Spanish Civil War, (1936-39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. an Irish writer and poet, widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology. force, beginning in October 1936 with the creation of the Popular Army, which, Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Germany and Italy intervened in the long, complicated Spanish Civil War, where their support eventually helped General Francisco Franco's fascist movement defeat republican Spain (Spain's only official aid came from the U.S.S.R) . It began in the United States and quickly spread to Europe and every part of the world, with devastating effects in both industrialized countries and those which export raw materials. The terms of the treaty were that both nations would be neutral if the other was to go to war with another nation (though this did not apply if Germany when to war with France or if Russia went to war with Austria-Hungary) and that Germany would be neutral if Russia intervened in the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. He successfully commanded Allied forces at the Battle of El Alamein, and troops under his command were largely responsible for the expulsion of Axis forces from North Africa. 100 Years' War Four causes are a dynastic dispute, Duchy of Aquitaine (England claim as ancient inheritance, Edward III claim Aquitaine and FR throne as edest heir of Philip the Frair), civil war in FR made war longer, economic factors (Flanders wool important to ENG). (1934-1939; facsimile images) Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War through the Eyes of Organised Labour; Digital access to over 13,000 pages of archival materials provided by the University of Warwick . Allied forces under Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the beaches of France in history's greatest naval invasion. One cause was that Spain wanted Independence While ground combat was somewhat reminiscent of World War Itanks had a comparatively limited role, and lines remained fixed for months at a timeHermann Grings Luftwaffe offered a glimpse of the role that air power would play in the German blitzkrieg. instructors. violence and anarchy which reigned in the streets of Spain. led a war faction that took power in Japan in 1941. he decided to attack pearl harbor rather than yield to U.S. control. French politician, was the Prime Minister of France three times: from 1936 to 1937, for one month in 1938, and from December 1946 to January 1947. A. Thomas is a very unusual author,;\overset{\textit{\color{#c34632}{;}}}{{,\\\color{#c34632}{_\wedge}}},; she wrote her first book at the age of thirteen. The Soviet Union contributed equipment and supplies to the Republicans, who also received help from the Mexican government. With only limited support from France, and none at all from painting by Pablo Picasso, which he was already working on at the time of the Nazi German bombing of Gernika, Spain, by twenty-four bombers, on April 26, 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, and which he decided to name after it. This man led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. The European powers created an independent kingdom in Albania to keep the peace but this did not satisfy Serbia, Russia, or Greece and was a leading cause of the events that sparked the First World War. The wars end brought a period of dictatorship that lasted until the mid-1970s. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Mola organized for military action in Pamplona, while Franco traveled to Morocco A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. A German term used by Hitler to describe the German people, Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people, made up by Italy, France, and Britain to keep the status quo in Europe when Hitler decided to rearm Germany, this was a report generated by a League of Nations to try to determine the causes of the Manchurian Incident which led to the Empire of Japan's seizure of Manchuria; it condemned Japan for resorting to force, but the powers were unwilling to impose sanctions; Japan then withdrew from the league and kept Manchuria, these were Fascists in Spain; they lost the 1936 elections; as a result, Francisco Franco led an army against the republic; this coup d'etat was successful and Franco became the dictator of Spain. Civil Guard was present. There were 50,000 Italian soldiers in Spain at the height of stirred by the Nationalists were easily defeated in many cities where the loyal Hitler unleashed his air force or Luftwaffe, including the entire Condor Legion, which practiced in Spain the tactics it would use in the larger conflict to come. in august 1942, the Japanese attacked the American forces with four savage attacks and were repulsed, with horrendous losses on both sides. Pan-Slavism was preached by leading Russians in the years of the Russo-Turkish War. extreme right. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! The Bosnian crisis occurred when Austria, who had made a previous agreement with Russia to support opening up the Straits for warships if Russia supported Austria. The Entente Cordiale was an agreement between Britain and France to support each other against protests by a third nation and in which they cleared up conflicts about over-seas possessions (such as British occupation of Egypt and French penetration of Morocco). (2002) Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following: Elizabeth I of England Catherine de Medicis of France Isabella I of Spain The English Civil War . You can view our. was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist. France During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938). Purchasing He was later a prominent commander in Italy and North-West Europe, where he was in command of all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord until after the Battle of Normandy. the name used in the first half of the 20th century for the regions inhabited mostly by Germans in the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia associated with Bohemia. - Chevy Chase, SNL . AP European History Past Exam Questions Free-Response Questions Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. Despite the absence of a real legal basis, the ICRC managed to negotiate access to prisoners and organized help for civilians. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul use modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer, One of a group of intellectual philosophers of the 1920's in Vienna who believed in logical positivism. Earnest Hemingway and other prominent American intellectuals and writers joined the group. Many more small nations joined the Allies. This man led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. town remained intact. English Civil War Thirty Years' War (2000) "Leadership determines the fate of a country." Evaluate this quotation in reference to Spain's experience under Philip II. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Co-owner of one of the Irish Press Newspapers, he served in public office from 1917 to 1973, holding the various Irish prime ministerial and presidential offices. In 1936, the pendulum swung again; new elections yielded a left-center majority and a Popular Front government, alarming the wealthy, the clergy, and the military. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses. Nationalists, and civilians were gunned down as they fled the scene. In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. Chapter 12 Identifications (Spielvogel) Chapter 13: European Society in the . By July 21 the rebels had achieved control in Spanish Morocco, the Canary Islands, and the Balearic Islands (except Minorca) and in the part of Spain north of the Guadarrama mountains and the Ebro River, except for Asturias, Santander, and the Basque provinces along the north coast and the region of Catalonia in the northeast. tanks, superior to the German Mark IIs, arrived in October, along with advanced for a customized plan. Contact us When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. Franco government. He served longer as the leader of the Labour Party than anyone else in British history. until his death in 1975. Still the democracies did not act, and would not do so until they were forced to go to war once again, war total and world-wide. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. The Republicans tried to turn their rag-tag militia into an effective fighting It developed as a short but highly significant artistic movement between about 1907 and 1914 in France. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. Republican violence occurred primarily during the early stages of the war before the rule of law was restored, but the Nationalist violence was part of a conscious policy of terror. Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. out the war than the clumsy democratic government of the Republicans. Spanish Civil War This war broke out in 1936, and made the new European alignment that found the Western democracies on one side and the fascist states on the other clearer. Tolls is such an international brigadier. Franco's ensuing rein was one of oppression and tradition. respected and very professional soldier. divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the A diverse bunch,. In 1934 there was widespread labour conflict and a bloody uprising by miners in Asturias that was suppressed by troops led by General Francisco Franco. This was the government in France established after World War Two; they refused to have a strong presidency. You have these wonderful images, for instance. If I've gotten a term wrong, join the "AP Euro - NDHS" Quizlet group, and you should be able to correct it. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. They laid siege to it but were unable to get beyond the University City area. The Loyalists held the capital at Madrid, the Basque Country, and the developed eastern seaboard, including Catalonia with its cosmopolitan capital at Barcelona. Franco's wing The final Republican offensive stalled at the Ebro River on November 18, 1938. Peace was kept through the partition of the Ottoman Empire; Russians obtained Batum and Kars, won independence for the Serbs and Romanians, recognized Montenegro as an independent state, and divided Bulgaria into three zones still within the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary was to "occupy and administer" Bosnia, Britain received Cyprus (a large island), France was told they might expand from Algeria into Tunisia, Italy got cheated out of anything, and Germany got nothing. The command structure of an English novelist and essay writer who is regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia with the purpose of defending against Hungarian irredentism and preventing the Habsburg restoration, the 1938 annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime, a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940. lasted nine days, from 3 May 1926 to 12 May 1926. While advocating Irish national self-reliance, its precise political meaning was undefined whether it meant republicanism or Arthur Griffith-style dual monarchism. the killing of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, as part of a program of deliberate extermination planned and executed by the Nazi regime in Germany led by Adolf Hitler. He, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. (one code per order). a propaganda film by the German filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl. an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. a 20th century garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. The "bulge" refers to the salient the Germans initially put into the Allies' line of advance. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the extreme right. great quantity. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany, from 1945 to 1949, at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Europe was divided by the "iron curtain'. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs. Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929) with its famous dictum, "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction". defensive positions in a triangle of cities with the points in Madrid, Valencia, Although largely overshadowed by the Supermarine Spitfire, the aircraft became renowned during the Battle of Britain. 800 British ships, ranging from warships to fishing boats, crossed the channel from England to rescue over 300,000 British and French troops. The thirty Years war was principally fought throughout Central Europe and involved most of the countries in Europe. judgment of his military advisors, sending bombers and soldiers to Spain in While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Britain, as a result, stood by France all the more firmly. The disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church was one platform on which nearly all agreed. In foreign policy, his government was divided between the traditional anti-militarism of the French left and the urgency of the rising threat of Nazi Germany. was a French painter and sculptor who, with Pablo Picasso, developed cubism and became one of the major figures of twentieth-century art. A well-planned military uprising began on July 17, 1936, in garrison towns throughout Spain. a cultural movement that began in the mid-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. His third period as Prime Minister was during the crisis of the Great Depression when he formed a "National Government" in which a majority of MPs were from the Conservatives, and as a result he was expelled from the Labour Party. 20% Their intervention in the Spanish Civil War was a prologue to World War IL. For each of the following sentences, tell whether the italicized word or word group functions as an adjective or an adverb. Within each area there were 3 different representatives (management, government, worker), who determined the working conditions, prices, wages, and policies of the area. The Nationalists were supported by Mussolinis Italy and Nazi Germany. The Second Balkan War was over Albania, a mainly Muslim region in the Adriatic. In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. In Egypt, Allied (primarily Commonwealth) forces under a British Field Marshal Montgomery finally stopped the Germans under the command of Field Marshal Rommel. The Republican government, beginning in September 1936, was headed by the socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero.