how far west did the vikings make a permanent settlement? how far west did the vikings make a permanent settlement?

As far as I can see there are 3 main reasons why the Vikings failed to colonize what they called Vinland: 1.) Together, these two methods provide an option for tracing back a people's genetic history and charting the historical migrations of both males and females. Similar research since has found what may be the genetic signatures of Norwegian Viking Age mice in modern populations on the Azores, an island chain more than 900 miles west of Portugal. Irish and British women are mentioned in old texts on the founding of Iceland, indicating that the Viking explorers were accompanied there by women from the British Isles who either came along voluntarily or were taken along by force. In 1095, which pope called for a Christian holy war against the infidels? land given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for an oath of loyalty. [64][67] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of 893, records Viking armies being pursued by a combined force of West Saxons and north Welsh along the River Severn. This land might also have been Jan Mayen, or a part of eastern Greenland. Smith K. 1995. Evaluating Ideas List what you consider to be the strengths and weaknesses of having political parties. The Eastern was at the southwestern tip of Greenland, while the Western Settlement was about 500 km up the west coast, inland from present-day Nuuk. In the 840s, Pepin II called in the Vikings to aid him against Charles and they settled at the mouth of the Garonne as they did by the Loire. [118] At times this trading relationship would break down into violence Rus' armadas raided in the Caspian on at least three occasions, in 910, 912 and 943.[117]. In the 11th century, they became the first Europeans to attempt to settle in the Americas, beating Columbus by 500 years. Compared with the rest of Western Europe, the Iberian Peninsula seems to have been little affected by Viking activity, either in the Christian north or the Muslim south. By the early 1000s, a Viking colony was attempting to put down roots in the earthly Valhalla they called Vinland, a place of wine-grapes and wheat. What best describes the Holy Roman Empire. Subsequent expeditions from Greenland (some led by Leif Erikson) explored the areas to the west, seeking large timbers for building in particular (Greenland had only small trees and brush). Helgason A, Lalueza-Fox C, Ghosh S, Sigurdardottir S, Sampietro ML, Gigli E, Baker A, Bertranpetit J, Arnadottir L, Thornorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K. 2009. Why Alex Murdaugh was spared the death penalty, Why Trudeau is facing calls for a public inquiry, The shocking legacy of the Dutch 'Hunger Winter', Why half of India's urban women stay at home. Which nation won the Hundred Years' War, thanks in part to the efforts of Joan of Arc? [citation needed] The Viking expansion opened new trade routes in Arab and Frankish lands, and took control of trade markets previously dominated by the Frisians after the Franks destroyed the Frisian fleet. In the fourteenth century, the papal court was moved to _____. Researchers have suggested that Vikings may have originally started sailing and raiding due to a need to seek out women from foreign lands. Milman N, Pedersen P (2003). Iceland was discovered by Naddodd, one of the first settlers on the Faroe Islands, who was sailing from Norway to the Faroe Islands but got lost and drifted to the east coast of Iceland. The Volga Vikings are described in numerous Arabic accounts from the Viking Age. Among the many weaknesses of the First Crusaders' army was their lack of what? "As an archaeologist, I might interpret this as one stage of the occupation activity, not necessarily the first or indeed the last.". Rain or shine, Ellen always brought happiness with ______. In medieval towns, what was generally done with human and animal waste? The basis of Otto I's power was ________. [25][26] Bergen and Dublin are still important centres of silver making. Engaging in trade, colonization, piracy and mercenary activities, they roamed the river systems and portages of Gararki, reaching and settling at the Caspian Sea and in Constantinople.[119]. Alamy. King John's missteps and the revolt of the barons against him. The Mongols' own purpose in pursuing conquest was _____. It is unclear whether Vinland referred to in the traditionally thinking as Vnland (wine-land) or more recently as Vinland (meadow- or pasture-land). Sicily. Y-chromosome haplotypes serve as markers of paternal lineage much the same as mDNA represents the maternal lineage. A short-lived settlement was established at L'Anse aux Meadows, located on the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland, Canada. [21] However, the first target of Viking raids was not the Frankish Kingdom, but Christian monasteries in England. This may have been true of western Norway, where there were few reserves of land, but it is unlikely that the rest of Scandinavia was experiencing famine. edgelordfairy 4 yr. ago [99], The most prominent and probably most significant event was a raid in 844, when Vikings entered the Garonne and attacked Galicia and Asturias. Like the Mayans, Incas, and Aztecs.-Beringia: 1200 - 1500 years ago it was a land bridge between north America and Siberia.This allowed Asian nomads (hunter and gatherers) to cross into Alaska. In 1379, the northernmost settlement was attacked by the Skrling (Norse word for Inuit). [citation needed] Trade in the Mediterranean was at its lowest level in history when the Vikings began their expansion. Antwerp was raided in 836. It is debated whether the term "Viking" empire represents all Norse settlers or just those who raided.[1]. "It suggests that the short-lived settlement was active in about 1021 when wood was being worked at the site, probably related to either building or ship repair," she says. In any case, without any official backing, attempts at colonization by the Norse proved failures. Peter Sawyer suggests that most Vikings emigrated due to the attractiveness of owning more land rather than the necessity of having it.[24]. [135] It is also prominent on the Baltic and North Sea coasts, but decreases further south. Around 879, Godfrid arrived in Frisian lands as the head of a large force that terrorised the Low Countries. He also ordered the building of fortified bridges to prevent inland raids. What was an important consequence of the Crusades? Relations between Jews and Christians worsened considerably. Previous invasions were for loot, but this one led to semi-permanent settlement.. A large force of Danish Vikings attacked Anglo-Saxon England.This army appeared in East Anglia in 865. Which nation won the Hundred Years' War, thanks in part to the efforts of Joan of Arc? Orkneyinga Saga, Anderson, Joseph, (Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1873), FHL microfilm 253063., pp. [citation needed], One of the main aims of the Viking expansion throughout Europe was to acquire and trade silver. Studies of genetic diversity have provided scientific confirmation to accompany archaeological evidence of Viking expansion. describes a period that past historians considered to be barbaric. More than a thousand years ago, the Norsecommonly called Vikingshad expanded their settlements west from Scandinavia into Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, and North America. There is an oft-repeated account of the Vikings pulling up to a beach somewhere west of Greenland during their explorations and finding 2 native Americans sleeping under a canoe. While we tend to think of the Vikings as being based in and around Scandinavia, their activities took them a lot far further afield than that. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The term Middle Ages, How far west did the Vikings make a permanent settlement?, What part of western Europe did the Muslims conquer in the ninth century? Tamm E, Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu M, Smith DG, Mulligan CJ, Bravi CM, Rickards O, Martinez-Labarga C, Khusnutdinova EK, Fedorova SA, Golubenko MV, Stepanov VA, Gubina MA, Zhadanov SI, Ossipova LP, Damba L, Voevoda MI, Dipierri JE, Villems R, Malhi RS. The first were at Dublin and Linn Duachaill. Viking colonies were not a feature of Wales as much as the other nations of the British Isles. What part of western Europe did the Muslims conquer in the ninth century? The first battle was at a place named as Bangolau or Bann Guolou or Bannoleu,[64][65][66] where the Vikings in Anglesey were again defeated "in a hard battle". In 794, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a small Viking fleet attacked a rich monastery at Jarrow. dying light 2 release date ps5 bunker branding jobs oak orchard fishing report 2021 June 29, 2022 superior rentals marshalltown iowa 0 shady haven rv park payson, az The suffered because of the lack of a navy to fight Viking ships, A code of conduct to govern the behavior of knights. [41] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle described this force as the mycel hen here (Great Heathen Army) and went on to say that it was led by Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan Ragnarsson. The city of York in northern England has Viking roots Expansion into Europe and beyond While Danes were in power and then driven out of the British Isles, other Vikings remained active in Europe. [90], Rollo's descendant William, Duke of Normandy (the Conqueror) became King of England after he defeated Harold Godwinson and his army at the Battle of Hastings in October 1066. Disagreement is partly due to method of classification; previous archaeology often guessed biological sex from burial artifacts, whereas modern archaeology may use osteology to find biological sex, and isotope analysis to find origin (DNA sampling is usually not possible). Jim asked, "Have you read James Alan McPherson's story 'Why I Like Country Music'?". marriage to Eleanor. The lord. The Viking invasion of Britain in 865 AD is sometimes called the Great Heathen Army, or Great Danish Army or the Great Viking Army. Rurik's successors were able to conquer and unite the towns along the banks of the Volga and Dnieper Rivers, and establish the Rus' Khaganate. 2007. His travels are recorded on the Ingvar runestones.[121]. Example: Please introduce the new students (*who*, $\underline{\textit{whom}}$) you invited to the party to the rest of the guests. They also began a permanent settlement at Longphoirt, Dublin. The Viking presence in Normandy began with raids into the territory of the Frankish Empire, from the middle of 9th century. His alliance with and control of the church in the German states. It seems clear that rather than being Normans, these men were Varangian mercenaries fighting for Byzantium. It is present in 35% of males in Norway, Denmark and Sweden; 40% of males within Western Finland. Read about our approach to external linking. Swedish sailor Garar Svavarsson also accidentally drifted to the coast of Iceland. The tribes were united and ruled under the leadership of Rurik, a leader of a group of Varangians. There is also evidence for Viking contact with Native Americans. Who did medieval people blame for causing the Black Death? How far west did the Vikings make a permanent settlement? The vast open space really is awe-inspiring. iceland anglo-saxon kings unified england in order to deal with viking invasions the mgana carta, the cornerstone of modern english law, was created out of the failures of King John John of England caused resentment with his subjects when he tried to raise money to pay his family debts [128], A Norwegian ship's captain named Bjarni Herjlfsson first came across a part of the North American continent ca. Hardrada was killed, and his Norwegian army defeated, by Harold Godwinson on 25 September 1066 at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. The Duchy of Normandy was created for the Viking leader Rollo after he had besieged Paris. This content could not load. Thomas W, Fullan A, Loeb DB, McClelland EE, Bacon BR, Wolff RK (1998). Ajioka RS, Jorde LB, Gruen JR et al. It was divided among his grandsons and was weakened by internal power struggles. The first permanent settlement of Vikings in North Americaa seaside outpost in Newfoundland known as L'Anse aux Meadowshas tantalized archaeologists for more than 60 years. He ruled along with his brothers mar (possibly Ivar the Boneless) and Auisle. [86] Brian's rise to power and conflict with the Vikings is chronicled in Cogad Gedel re Gallaib ("The War of the Irish with the Foreigners"). A map of Viking raids and settlements by Max Naylor. The Magyar migrations were entirely land-based. The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo-Romance languages and intermarried with the area's original inhabitants. answer Iceland Unlock the answer question When a lord offered a vassal a fief in exchange for loyalty and aid, who owned the fief? Buried Viking treasures consisting mainly of silver have been found in the Low Countries. [106], Three or four eleventh-century Swedish Runestones mention Italy, memorialising warriors who died in 'Langbaraland', the Old Norse name for southern Italy (Longobardia). [10][11] Polygynous marriage increases male-male competition in society because it creates a pool of unmarried men who are willing to engage in risky status-elevating and sex-seeking behaviors. [42][43][44][45] Then, use that word or phrase to combine the two sentences. 1 April 2016. Remains of Viking attacks dating from 880 to 890 have been found in Zutphen and Deventer. According to the account, the Viking summarily killed the two men. In the following sentences, underline the correct form of the pronoun In parentheses. Scientists say a new dating technique. However, no rise in population, youth bulge, or decline in agricultural production during this period has been definitively demonstrated. [73], The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reported that heathen men (the Danes) raided Charmouth, Dorset in 833 AD, then in 997 AD they destroyed the Dartmoor town of Lydford, and from 1001 AD to 1003 AD they occupied the old Roman city of Exeter. The Dublin Vikings, together with Leinster, twice rebelled against him, but they were defeated in the battles of Glenmama (999) and Clontarf (1014). and more. It is well known that Christopher Columbus 'discovered' North America in 1492. The first Scandinavian who deliberately sailed to Gararshlmi was Flki Vilgerarson, also known as Hrafna-Flki (Raven-Flki). Shetland and Orkney were the last of these to be incorporated into Scotland in as late as 1468. The Vikings who established homes in the lands they conquered during the 9th-11th centuries AD used a settlement pattern that was based primarily on their own Scandinavian cultural heritage. However, after capturing York, Sweyn accepted a payment from William to desert Edgar. Iceland. Who controlled the economies in medieval towns? And among public schools with permanent buildings, the environmental factors in the permanent buildings have been rated as unsatisfactory or very unsatisfactory in 5 to 17 percent of them [2]. [97], Quite extensive evidence for minor Viking raids in Iberia continues for the early eleventh century in later narratives (including some Icelandic sagas) and in northern Iberian charters. The Settlement Exhibition in downtown Reykjavk is built around the ruins of an old Viking Longhouse. The Vikings were originally diverse Scandinavian seafarers from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark (though other nationalities were later involved) whose raids and subsequent settlements significantly impacted the cultures of Europe and were felt as far as the Mediterranean regions c. 790 - c. 1100 CE. [57] Harold Godwinson himself died when the Norman William the Conqueror defeated the English army at the Battle of Hastings in October 1066. [69], The early Normans in Wales shared the maritime history of the Vikings, tracing their lineage back to the same wave of raiders and settlers that harried the Welsh coast in the ninth century. [citation needed]. Their main export was walrus ivory, which was traded for iron and other goods which could not be produced locally. [127] Crops failed and trade declined. describes a period that past historians considered to be barbaric. The Black Death was initially spread out of Asia by merchants and what else? Peasants probably made up what percentage of medieval society? a church was the center of community life. Lappalainen, T., Laitinen, V., Salmela, E., Andersen, P., Huoponen, K., Savontaus, M.-L. and Lahermo, P. (2008). King Bagrat IV welcomed them to Georgia and accepted some of them into the Georgian army; several hundred Vikings fought on Bagrat's side at the Battle of Sasireti in 1042. Relations between Jews and Christians worsened considerably. "The association of these pieces with the Norse is based on detailed research previously conducted by Parks Canada," the study says, adding that there was clear evidence the sampled wood had been modified by metal tools. But by the latter half of the 9th century, the Scandinavian Vikings had organised themselves into a large army, often referred to as the Great Heathen Army or micel here in Old English. What is the primary principle of the Magna Carta? Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region. Who was the victor at the Battle of Hastings? It was his only thought. [7][8][9] Viking men would often buy or capture women and make them into their wives or concubines. Read about our approach to external linking. G. Halsall, "The Viking presence in England? [124][125] The land was at best marginal for Norse pastoral farming. The Vikings' stay on the island was apparently brief, just long enough for a few stowaway rodents to take some shore leave that ended up being permanent. Chapter 1: Collisions of Cultures-New world had many civilizations, thousands of years old. There is much debate among historians about what drove the Viking expansion. Manuscript B: Cotton Tiberius A.vi, "Excavating Past Population Structures by Surname-Based Sampling: The Genetic Legacy of the Vikings in Northwest England", "Glossary of Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain", "UK Battlefields Resource Centre Britons, Saxons & Vikings The Norman Conquest The Battle of Battle of Stamford Bridge", "Rhodri Mawr ('the Great') (died 877), king of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth", Title: Sklholt Map; Author: Sigurd Stefansson/Thord Thorlksson; Date: 1590, "6 Viking Leaders You Should Know History Lists", "Evidence for European presence in the Americas in AD 1021", "Vikings who chose a home in Shetland before a life of pillage", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viking_expansion&oldid=1141618751, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 23:42. Sicily What was one of the new crops introduced to the Muslim parts of western Europe after the ninth century? The reign of Charles the Bald coincided with some of the worst of these raids, though he did take action by the Edict of Pistres of 864 to secure a standing army of cavalry under royal control to be called upon at all times when necessary to fend off the invaders. In the south, extended families were more likely to live together. One of the more important Viking families in the Low Countries was that of Rorik of Dorestad (based in Wieringen) and his brother Harald (based in Walcheren). In 839 they over-wintered for the first time at Lough Neagh. He then sailed along the coast until the pillars were found in the southwestern peninsula, now known as Reykjanesskagi. [12] This Viking raid on Seville seems to have constituted a significant attack. When the Vikings attacked La Corua they were met by the army of King Ramiro I and were heavily defeated. 134, 139, 14445, 14951, 163, 193. was divided into four parts among his descendants. The descendants of Alfred of Wessex led the charge, eventually killing the last Dane leaderErik Bloodaxearound the year 952. Several of these refer to men who died in "Serkland". Viking raids of the Low Countries continued for over a century. Underline the subjects in the questions below. Answer each question below on a separate sheet of paper. Haplogroup R1b is another very common haplotype in all of Western Europe. Nevertheless, trade by barter did also take place between them. It's well known that they reached the . Vikings had a settlement in North America exactly one thousand years ago, centuries before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas, a study says. He wanted to hear the bells. Nevertheless, only a few archaeological traces have been found: swords dredged out of the Seine river between its estuary and Rouen, the tomb of a female Viking at Ptres, the two Thor's hammers at Saint-Pierre-de-Varengeville and Sahurs[89] and more recently the hoard of Viking coins at Saint-Pierre-des-Fleurs. What is the purpose of flying buttresses on Gothic cathedrals, They supported the weight of the roof and walls, What was one of the new crops introduced to the Muslim parts of western Europe after the ninth century. Except, of course, he didn't. Indigenous peoples had been making their way across what was then a land bridge from Asia for perhaps 20,000 years before him. Iceland lies about 420 kilometers (260 miles) to the west of the Faroe Islands, and was first discovered by accident. How far West did the Vikings make a permanent settlement? Ebenesersdttir, S. S., Sigursson, ., Snchez-Quinto, F., Lalueza-Fox, C., Stefnsson, K. and Helgason, A. King John's missteps and the revolt of the barons against him. Viking expansion was the historical movement which led Norse explorers, traders and warriors, the latter known in modern scholarship as Vikings, to sail most of the North Atlantic, reaching south as far as North Africa and east as far as Russia, and through the Mediterranean as far as Constantinople and the Middle East, acting as looters, traders, colonists and mercenaries. Finding the Subject in Questions. Wood from timber-framed buildings in the settlement was dated by a solar storm in the year 993 which caused a spike in carbon 14 in the dendrochronological layer for the year. his alliance with and control of the church. That raid, which happened at around the same time, roughly 790, echoes terrifyingly through the reports of the Christian chroniclers. After raids on both northern Iberia and Al-Andalus, one of which in 859 resulted in the capture and exorbitant ransom of king Garca iguez of Pamplona,[102] the Vikings seem also to have raided other Mediterranean targets possibly but not certainly including Italy, Alexandria, and Constantinopleand perhaps overwintering in Francia. Revise the following sentences, correctly using quotation marks, other marks of punctuation, and capitalization. Peasants probably made up what percentage of medieval society? How far west did the Vikings make a permanent settlement? [77] Their attacks became bigger and reached further inland, striking larger monastic settlements such as Armagh, Clonmacnoise, Glendalough, Kells and Kildare, and also plundering the ancient tombs of Br na Binne. By the end of their existence, in 1050, they are believed to have reached as far some parts of Asia, the Middle East, and some parts of North Africa. Peasants probably made up what percentage of medieval society? Now, scientists at last have a precise date for the site: Tree rings show a Viking ax felled trees on the North American continent exactly 1000 years ago, in 1021 C.E. [6] Rich and powerful Viking men tended to have many wives and concubines, and these polygynous relationships may have led to a shortage of eligible women for the average Viking male. It was a cold winter, and when he spotted some drift ice in the fjords he gave the island its current name, sland (Iceland). How far west did the Vikings make a permanent settlement? The Varangians or Varyags (Russian, Ukrainian: , Varyagi) sometimes referred to as Variagians were Scandinavians who migrated eastwards and southwards through what is now Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine mainly in the 9th and 10th centuries. #ancientegypt #DMTvisuals #Djinn #sacredgeometry Unlike Pharaoh Akhenaten's "Blue Lotus", Egyptian authorities in the 21st Century say a modern day pill called The Blue Elephant i Regular activity from Greenland extended to Ellesmere Island, Skraeling Island and Ruin Island for hunting and trading with Inuit groups. [132] While originally considered to be a 20th-century immigrant,[132] a more complete analysis has shown that this haplotype has been present in Iceland for at least 300 years and is distinct from other C1 lineages. The Black Death was initially spread out of Asia by merchants and what else? One of the disadvantages the Carolingians had . It's well chronicled that wave after wave of Vikings from Scandinavia terrorised western Europe for 250 years from the end of the eighth century AD and wreaked particular havoc across vast areas. Ingvar the Far-Travelled led expeditions to Iran and the Caucasus between 1036 and 1042. The map above shows just how far. [98] Viking activity in the Iberian peninsula seems to have begun around the mid-ninth century as an extension of their raids on and establishment of bases in Frankia in the earlier ninth century, but although Vikings may have over-wintered there, there is as yet no evidence for trading or settlement. What part of Western Europe did the Muslims conquer in the ninth century? In addition, Rollo was to be baptized and marry Gisele, the illegitimate daughter of Charles. As the years wore on, the climate shifted (see Little Ice Age). The Eastern was at the southwestern tip of Greenland, while the Western Settlement was about 500 km up the west coast, inland from present-day Nuuk. Relations between the Jews and Christians worsened considerably. Tried to raise money to pay his family debts. The settlers arrived during a warm phase, when short-season crops such as rye and barley could be grown. The Settlement Exhibition. John of England caused resentment among his subjects when he did which of the following? When a lord offered a vassal a fief in exchange for loyalty and aid, who owned the fief? sergio rafael barraza bocanegra; what vet school should i go to quiz Honestly, the only surprise should be that this comes as a surprise at . 22 Oct 2019. [78] Viking chief Thorgest is said to have raided the whole midlands of Ireland until he was killed by Mel Sechnaill I in 845. Germanic peoples from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. [103], Evidence for Viking activity in Iberia vanishes after the 860s, until the 960s70s, when a range of sources including Dudo of Saint-Quentin, Ibn ayyn, and Ibn Idhr, along with a number of charters from Christian Iberia, while individually unreliable, together afford convincing evidence for Viking raids on Iberia in the 960s and 970s. Viking armies (mostly Danish) conquered East Anglia and Northumberland and dismantled Mercia, while in 871 King Alfred the Great of Wessex became the only king to decisively defeat a Danish army in. What part of western Europe did the Muslims conquer in the ninth century? Writing in the journal Nature, scientists said they had analysed the tree rings of three pieces of wood cut for the Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows. You were never far away from an activity, and with the exception of a few areas north west of Sparta, you were always near people travelling the worlds so it rarely felt empty. Underlined words are Vocabulary words. Again in 870, Rorik was received by Charles the Bald in Nijmegen, to whom he became a vassal. Who did medieval people blame for causing the Black Death? Then write how each pronoun is used in the sentence. [85] Over the following thirty years, Brian Boru subdued the Viking territories and made himself High King of Ireland. [139] This evidence indicates a likely genetic exchange back and forth between Iceland, Greenland, and Vinland. What part of western Europe did the Muslims conquer in the ninth century? They sailed to Iceland where Norse settlement began about 100 years earlier. [22], A different idea is that the Viking population had exceeded the agricultural potential of their homeland. After the battle of Clontarf, the Dublin Vikings could no longer "single-handedly threaten the power of the most powerful kings of Ireland". You can't help but relate to the Vikings that decided to stay. William was crowned king of England on 25 December 1066; however, it was several years before he was able to bring the kingdom under his complete control. [101], The period from 859 to 861 saw another spate of Viking raids, apparently by a single group. According to Map 14.1, "Invasions and Migrations of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries," what makes the migration of the Magyars unique among the migrations illustrated in this map? [58][59] Five years later one of Sweyn's sons set sail for England to support another English rebellion, but it had been crushed before the expedition arrived, so they settled for plundering the city of York and the surrounding area before returning home. [60][61], The monastery at Iona on the west coast was first raided in 794, and had to be abandoned some fifty years later after several devastating attacks. [88] More than the language itself, the Norman toponymy retains a strong Nordic influence. presaging that of Charles the Simple and the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte by which the Vikings were settled in Rouen, creating Normandy as a bulwark against other Vikings.