food additives banned in canada food additives banned in canada

While you shouldnt find it on Canadian grocery shelves, small amounts are still permitted in cosmetics sold here. This List of Permitted Food Additives with Other Accepted Uses sets out authorized miscellaneous food additives. According to the Mayo Clinic, bromineone of its key ingredientscan irritate the skin and mucous membranes, as well as cause headaches, memory loss, and impaired balance and coordination. American Foods That Are Banned Abroad (And How They Can Impact Your Health), dairy industry is having a hissy fit over almond milk trying to call itself "milk,", Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), Thousands Of Unregulated Chemicals Are Currently In Your Food, Experts Say, Jimmy Dean Delights Turkey Sausage, Egg & Cheese Honey Wheat Flatbread, certain food certifications on product labels so you can shop consciously, California warns residents of its dangers, European Commission's Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures. in nutritional supplement powders, 900 p.p.m., in accordance with subparagraphs B.13.001(e)(vi) and B.13.005(d)(vi), As an adjuvant in the production of dendritic salt crystals, If used singly or in combination with sodium ferrocyanide, decahydrate, the total amount not to exceed 13 p.p.m., calculated as anhydrous sodium ferrocyanide, Frozen clams; Frozen cooked shrimp; Frozen crab; Frozen fish fillets; Frozen lobster; Frozen minced fish; Frozen shrimp; Frozen squid, To reduce processing losses and to reduce thaw drip, Total added phosphate not to exceed 0.5%, calculated as sodium phosphate, dibasic, Beverage bases; Beverage mixes; Soft drinks, Alginate source to form calcium alginate membranes that encapsulate the beverage. Although clearly important for people with certain health conditions, their widespread use in many cases may have other health problems, including paradoxically encouraging consumption of more calories (i.e., I had a diet soda, now I can eat cake). Its important to note that, while these ingredients are banned in Canada, they may still be present in imported food products from the United States. This List of Permitted Sweeteners sets out authorized food additives that are used to impart a sweet taste to a food. Preservatives are a type of food additive that are often used in pre-packaged foods. However . If any combination of saccharin, calcium saccharin, potassium saccharin or sodium saccharin is used, the total amount not to exceed 0.0025%, calculated as saccharin. These drugs include bovine growth hormone, which the United States dairy industry uses to increase milk production. Acceptable alternate common names are listed in the Permitted synonyms for food additives table. For all requirements and information related to the list of ingredients, refer to the List of ingredients and allergens page. The European Union prohibits or severely restricts many food additives that have been linked to cancer that are still used in American-made bread, cookies, soft drinks and other processed foods. As well, the specific common names of 1 or more food colours may not be grouped and listed within parentheses after the term "colour", as this is not in compliance with the manner in which ingredients and components must be declared. xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain;charset=UTF-8'); In some cases the use of abbreviations for food additives may be acceptable common names in the list of ingredients. every day. The following table is a list of substances that are added to food during processing for a "processing aid" function, and are not required to be declared in the list of ingredients (because they are not considered food ingredients). There are 15 Lists of permitted food additives, which are housed on the Health Canada website, and organized by major functional categories: Includes gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide. In recent. There are specifications in the FDR for certain food additives. (4) Unstandardized beverages except . Food additives have been in the spotlight in Canada since at least the 1970s (Pim, 1979). } But the FDA acted on the other six after public interest groups filed a lawsuit in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit petitioning the FDA to make a final decision whether to prohibit the seven cancer-causing artificial chemicals from use in food. In Japan, Yellow 6 is banned. Manufacturers may voluntarily choose to include a function descriptor within parentheses following the specific common name of a food colour (for example, "iron oxide (a food colour)", "iron oxide (a colouring agent)", "iron oxide (for colour)" or simply "iron oxide (colour)"). For additional information, refer to Health Canada's Guide for the preparation of submissions on food additives. xhr.open('POST', 'https://www.google-analytics.com/collect', true); Potassium Bromate is a rising agent in flour. The F.D.A. in accordance with subparagraphs B.13.001(e)(vi) and B.13.005(d)(vi), In combination with sodium hexametaphosphate or sodium potassium hexametaphosphate, or both, for use in or upon frozen clams, frozen cooked shrimp, frozen crab, frozen fish fillets, frozen lobster, frozen minced fish, frozen shrimp or frozen squid, 15% of the combination of sodium carbonate and one of sodium hexametaphosphate or sodium potassium hexametaphosphate, or both, If used singly or in combination with potassium ferrocyanide, trihydrate, the total amount not to exceed 13 p.p.m., calculated as anhydrous sodium ferrocyanide, To facilitate the removal of extraneous matter and to reduce moisture loss during cooking. This list is in Annex II of Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 EN . Consumers should be aware of these ingredients and get in the habit of reading labels before purchasing products. While not all bread products are bad, unfortunately, some of them, like Jimmy Dean Delights Turkey Sausage, Egg & Cheese Honey Wheat Flatbread, and Pillsbury Breadsticks, contain azodicarbonamide, a chemical compound that's actually used to make yoga mats and shoe soles. Heres a short list of some of the food additives restricted by the European Union but allowed in American foods. (2) Breakfast cereals; Confectionery glazes for snack foods; Nut spreads; Peanut spreads; Sweetened seasonings or coating mixes for snack foods; Unstandardized chocolate confectionery; Unstandardized chocolate flavoured confectionery coatings; Unstandardized fruit spreads; Unstandardized pures; Unstandardized salad dressings; Unstandardized sauces; Unstandardized table syrups, (2) 0.035% (calculated as steviol equivalents), (3) Unstandardized beverage concentrates; Unstandardized beverages; Unstandardized beverages mixes, (3) 0.02% (calculated as steviol equivalents) in beverages as consumed, (4) Baking mixes; Filling mixes; Fillings; Topping mixes; Toppings; Unstandardized bakery products; Unstandardized dessert mixes; Unstandardized desserts; Yogurt, (4) 0.035% (calculated as steviol equivalents) in products as consumed, (5) 0.35% (calculated as steviol equivalents), (6) 0.013% (calculated as steviol equivalents), (7) Unstandardized confectionery (except unstandardized chocolate confectionery); Unstandardized confectionery coatings (except unstandardized chocolate flavoured confectionery coatings), (7) 0.07% (calculated as steviol equivalents), (8) Meal replacement bars; Nutritional supplement bars, (8) 0.02% (calculated as steviol equivalents), (9) 0.04% (calculated as steviol equivalents), (10) 0.012% (calculated as steviol equivalents), (11) (naming the flavour) Milk; (naming the flavour) Partly skimmed milk; (naming the flavour) Partly skimmed milk with added milk solids; (naming the flavour) Skim milk; (naming the flavour) Skim milk with added milk solids, (11) 0.02% (calculated as steviol equivalents), (7) Unstandardized condiments; Unstandardized salad dressings, (8) Confectionery glazes for snack foods; Sweetened seasonings or coating mixes for snack foods; Unstandardized confectionery; Unstandardized confectionery coatings, (10) Unstandardized processed fruit and vegetable products, except unstandardized canned fruit, (14) Canned (naming the fruit); Unstandardized canned fruit, (16) Protein isolate- and uncooked cornstarch-based snack bars, (18) Nutritional supplement dry soup mixes, (19) (naming the flavour) Milk; (naming the flavour) Partly skimmed milk; (naming the flavour) Partly skimmed milk with added milk solids; (naming the flavour) Skim milk; (naming the flavour) Skim milk with added milk solids, (1) Breath freshener products; Chewing gum, (3) (naming the flavour) Flavour referred to in section B.10.005; Unstandardized flavouring preparations. The EU has had a long-standing ban on chicken that's been washed in chlorine since 1997, yet many chicken companies in the U.S. still use chlorinated water baths, rinses, and mists as an antimicrobial treatment to kill bacteria. Copyright 2023 Buzz Connected Media Inc. Remistudio/Shutterstock | Vermont Art/Shutterstock. (4) 0.0025% calculated as saccharin. Refer to Sweeteners for more information. in dried infant cereal products; 3 p.p.m. Why the U.S. allows it: "Made from petroleum [yummy! In 2018 the European Food Safety Agency named 4 phthalates as hormone disruptors. Thankfully, many cereal manufacturers, like General Mills and Kellogg's, have pledged to find alternatives to this additive and have been steadily removing it from their product formulations. All Rights Reserved. Almond flour. ADVERTISEMENT From aspartame-based sweeteners in soda to sodium nitrites in cold cuts, potentially harmful chemical additives and dyes can be found in every aisle of your local grocery store. BVO is used in some citrus-flavored soft drinks like Mountain Dew and in some sports drinks to prevent separation of ingredients, but it is banned in Europe. It was banned by Health Canada in 1999 due to concerns over animal health and welfare. Etorres/Shutterstock. Food dyes like Yellow 5, Yellow 6 and Red 40, used to make unappealing food look more edible and enticing, have been found to cause . This is not the case in the United States. Its also linked to diarrhea, cramps, and gas. Maximum Level of Use and Other Conditions. For example, TBHQ is an acceptable synonym for tertiary butylhydroquinone. (2) Baking mixes; Unstandardized bakery products. Canada and the U.S. finally banned trans fats in 2018 and the WHO has begun a campaign to ban all trans fats worldwide by 2023. The federal government also claims to have successfully worked with industry to phase out BPA-containing packaging for liquid infant formula products. Potassium bromate is also illegal in the European Union, Canada, Brazil and elsewhere because it causes cancer in rats and mice. While approved in the United States in 1996, the artificial trans fat is banned in Canada. Spices, seasonings and flavouring preparations. If any combination of saccharin, calcium saccharin, potassium saccharin or sodium saccharin is used, the total amount not to exceed 0.01%, calculated as saccharin. Some have facilitated the use of low quality ingredients and highly manipulative processing techniques. Azodicarbonamide has been banned for consumption by the European Union for over a decade. Costs for processors will increase during the transition as systems and recipes are reconfigured. It is still permitted in Canada but under the Canadian Consumer Product Safety Act, it is not permitted in baby bottles. Part of the need consideration must be connected to how the product facilitates processing that results in nutritional degradation of the product. This statement of a colour's function would be additional information only and is not mandatory. While they're not banned in the European Union, they're made using colors that occur naturally in fruits, vegetables, and spices, like turmeric. Ingredients banned in Canada, America's neighbor, include potassium bromate, BHA and BHT, and artificial growth hormone. Campus Maps, Safe Food for Canadians Act and Regulations, Goal 4, Reducing consumption of nutrients of concern, Safe Food for Canadians (SFC) Act and regulations, Differentiating food additives from processing aids, Guide for Preparing Food Processing Aid Submissions, Smith and Lourie, 2010; Schwabl et al., 2019; Smith, 2020, National Farmers Union summarizes agricultural platforms of main parties, Minister Bibeau announces membership of the National Food Policy Advisory Council. It is not that natural origin automatically equates with safety, but rather that humans have a longer history of consuming them and adapting them to diets, often through trial and error with mistakes, but ultimately determining how to consume with some degree of safety (for a deep history see, for example, Johns, 1990). (2) 18 p.p.m. But despite petitions from several advocacy groups - some dating back decades - the US Food and Drug. (In fact, chlorine-washed chicken is back in the news recently with Brexit trade negotiations as the U.S. attempts to convince the U.K. to scrap regulations that "distort agricultural markets to the detriment," including allowing the sale of chlorine chicken in the U.K., according to NBC.). While it's commonly used in the U.S., it's been banned in the Europe Union, Japan, Australia, and other countries for potentially being a human carcinogen. The Center for Science in the Public Interest has urged the F.D.A. Reducing the number of additive, processing aid and packaging applications could reduce some regulatory costs, particularly staff time, though equally, the regulatory changes all require staff time investments to implement and, as proposed, some areas require greater oversight. For more information, refer to Use of synonyms. Catalysts that are essential to the manufacturing process and without which, the final food product would not exist, for example, nickel, copper, Ion exchange resins, membranes and molecular sieves that are involved in physical separation and that are not incorporated into the food, Desiccating agents or oxygen scavengers that are not incorporated into the food, Water treatment chemicals for steam production, Bleaching, maturing and dough conditioning agents, Emulsifying, gelling, stabilizing or thickening agents, Food additives with other generally accepted uses. While BHA and BHT have been generally recognized as safe by the U.S. FDA, they remain controversial.Both BHA and BHT are banned from foods in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan and throughout Europe. However, as per B.01.008.2(4)(d) of the FDR, they may be listed at the end of the list of ingredients in any order. To explore the full list of food additives that have been approved in Canada, you can visit the official Health Canada web page. and "Health Canada's Food Directorate may not respond favorably to any submission in which there is evidence that the proposed use of an additive could encourage faulty or careless handling and processing, causing a reduction in nutritive quality of the food or making the food appear deceptively better or of greater value than it really is." As a result, rBGH and rBST are illegal in Canada, the European Union, Israel, Australia and New Zealand. Food safety rules are driving producers and manufacturers to use more plastics, an advantage in contamination terms over cardboard, but not necessarily materials like glass and metals which are more impermeable. The flavor enhancers and preservatives BHA and BHT are subject to severe restrictions in Europe but are widely used in American food products. Food Food improvement agents Additives Database Database This database can serve as a tool to inform about the food additives approved for use in food in the EU and their conditions of use. What foods are banned in Europe that are not banned in the United States, and what are the implications of eating those foods? In this way, they have contributed to the food deskilling of the population, prioritizing convenience and value added for processors over nutritional quality and cooking skill. Basically, if the meat comes from the U.S., the rest of the world wants nothing to do with it. Or, maybe it's time for you to stop eating it. An oxidizing agent used as a food additive when bread-making, potassium bromate has been banned in the European Union, Canada, China, South Korea and some South American countries. However, if additives in the compound . To be used in combination with calcium lactate. Food additives are regulated in Canada under the Food and Drug Regulations and associated Marketing Authorizations (MAs).The Food and Drug Regulations (the Regulations) require that food additives must meet certain standards for identity and purity in order for the additive to be considered food-grade. And the plastic containers are not necessarily being reused, for fear of contamination. Although the Act was passed in 2012, not all of its provisions may yet be in force. Food ingredients such as salt, sugar and starch. The number preceding the name of each additive is the sequence number . 900 p.p.m. However, buying bread with the word whole as the first ingredient still does not guarantee a healthful product. That almond "milk" certainly sounds more appealing now, doesn't it? How are food additives regulated? Although many additives and processing aids improve safety, freshness, taste, texture, or appearance, they have also been essential parts of the shift from fresh and whole foods to more highly processed ones, distributed across long-distance supply chains. These additives are listed here in alphabetical order. While the dairy industry is having a hissy fit over almond milk trying to call itself "milk," there are bigger problems being ignored. The training organization, SQT, involved in audits, has identified 7 common problems with firm HACCP implementation, including: Such problems are already apparent in domestic firms, and often more acute in international firms of the global south. Smith and Lourie, 2010; Schwabl et al., 2019; Smith, 2020) and indirect impacts associated with their negative effects on marine and terrestrial ecosystems and the foods we consume from them. Common food additives include benzoic acid, calcium sorbate, propionic acid and sodium nitrite. Years ago some schools even banned hot chips like Flamin Hot Cheetos and Takis for their general lack of nutrition.Overeating hot chips can lead to gastritis, which is inflammation of the stomach lining, and doctors say theyve treated hot chip-eating kids for it. For this to occur, need has to be demonstrated and become part of the regulatory apparatus. . And most additives are safe. What is Canadas biggest contribution to the world? Health Canada has clearly accepted the dominant model of food production, processing and distribution, with a technological understanding of food waste. Canada has banned the sale of a string of iconic British foods such as Marmite, Ovaltine and Irn-Bru because they contain illegal additives, it was claimed. Why it's banned . In Canada, there is no regulatory definition for processing aids. Additionally, Health Canada has provided preliminary guidance for industry on the labelling of caffeine content in prepackaged foods. . Doritos Light Olestra is a fat substitute the FDA approved in 1996 to make snacks and chips guilt-free. Get the best food tips and diet Legal ingredients in U.S. food products banned in Europe London From baguettes to focaccia, Europe is famous for its bread. It is based on the Union list of food additives. A better solution may be natural rosemary and sage. The International Agency for Research on Cancer considers it a possible human carcinogen, and the Center for Science in the Public Interest petitioned the F.D.A. The FDA considers BHA to be safe for use in food when the total of antioxidants is not greater than 0.02% of fat or oil content. Uniformity of texture, colour and flavour is important to manufacturers at large scale, as it facilitates production, packaging and distribution, but such an approach contributes to consumer deskilling, something in theory that Health Canada should be trying to avoid. Well, it turns out that Canadas list of banned ingredients is considerably longer than Americas. to ban it nearly 20 years ago. While Health Canada's guidance reflects a best practice, it is currently a voluntary approach. Marketing Authorization for Food Additives That May Be Used as Sweeteners, (2) Baking mixes; Unstandardized bakery products, (3) Breakfast cereals; Nut spreads; Peanut spreads; Unstandardized fruit spreads; Unstandardized pures; Unstandardized table syrups, (4) Unstandardized beverages except unstandardized coffee beverages and unstandardized tea beverages; Unstandardized beverage concentrates except unstandardized coffee beverage concentrates and unstandardized tea beverage concentrates; Unstandardized beverage mixes except unstandardized coffee beverage mixes and unstandardized tea beverage mixes; Unstandardized desserts; Unstandardized dessert mixes, (5) Unstandardized coffee beverages; Unstandardized coffee beverage concentrates; Unstandardized coffee beverage mixes; Unstandardized tea beverages; Unstandardized tea beverage concentrates; Unstandardized tea beverage mixes, (6) Breath freshener products; Chewing gum, (7) Confectionery glazes for snack foods; Sweetened seasonings or coating mixes for snack foods; Unstandardized confectionery; Unstandardized confectionery coatings, (8) Fillings; Filling mixes; Toppings; Topping mixes, (11) Unstandardized condiments; Unstandardized sauces, (13) Dietetic confectionery; Dietetic confectionery coatings, (3) Unstandardized beverage concentrates; Unstandardized beverage mixes; Unstandardized beverages; Unstandardized dairy beverages, (4) Filling mixes; Fillings; Topping mixes; Toppings; Unstandardized dessert mixes; Unstandardized desserts; Yogurt, (5) Breath freshener products (except chewing gum), (9) Baking mixes; Unstandardized bakery products, (10) Canned (naming the fruit); Unstandardized canned fruit, (12) (naming the flavour) Milk; (naming the flavour) Partly skimmed milk; (naming the flavour) Partly skimmed milk with added milk solids; (naming the flavour) Skim milk; (naming the flavour) Skim milk with added milk solids, (13) Barbeque sauces; Chili sauces; Soup bases; Soybean sauces, (3) Unstandardized beverage concentrates; Unstandardized beverage mixes; Unstandardized beverages, (5) Breath freshener products; Chewing gum, (6) Unstandardized fruit spreads; Unstandardized pures; Unstandardized sauces; Unstandardized table syrups, (7) Nut spreads; Peanut spreads; Unstandardized salad dressings, (9) Confectionery glazes for snack foods; Sweetened seasonings or coating mixes for snack foods, (10) Unstandardized confectionery; Unstandardized confectionery coatings, Aspartame, encapsulated to prevent degradation during baking, Baking mixes; Unstandardized bakery products, Same levels and conditions as prescribed for saccharin, (3) Fat-based cream fillings and toppings, (8) Baking mixes; Unstandardized bakery products, (11) Unstandardized dairy-based beverages, (13) Cream fillings; Custard fillings; Fruit fillings; Puddings, (15) Fruit-based smoothie beverages; Yogurt, (17) Non-alcoholic carbonated water-based fruit-flavoured and sweetened beverages other than cola type beverages, (19) Nutritional supplement bars; Nutritional supplement pre-cooked (instant) breakfast cereals, (20) Nutritional supplement dry beverage mixes, (22) Coatings for ready-to-eat breakfast cereals; Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. Food additives are substances added intentionally to foodstuffs to perform certain technological functions, for example to colour, to sweeten or to help preserve foods. Potassium Bromate. Acceptable names can also include the name(s) by which the food additive is generally known in Canada. The highly processed flour and additives in white, packaged bread can make it unhealthful. In other words, a processing aid can also be a food additive in some circumstances. Banned additives. EFSA has updated its safety assessment of the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171), following a request by the European Commission in March 2020. } else { What food additives are banned in Canada? "A food processing aid is a substance that is used for a technical effect in food processing or manufacture, the use of which does not affect the intrinsic characteristics of the food and results in no or negligible residues of the substance or its by-products in or on the finished food." Because they contain the artificial colors yellow 5 and yellow 6 along with many other foods in the U.S., from crackers and chips to drinkstheyre banned in Norway and Sweden because theyre thought to cause allergic reactions, as well as hyperactivity in children, as explained by the Center for Science in the Public. This is not just a domestic processing issue since Canada is such a significant importer of manufactured foods. (3) 0.25% calculated as saccharin. Agricultural chemicals (these are considered residues and are regulated under other provisions, such as the Pest Control Products Act and the Food and Drugs Act, see, Confusion about what constitutes a hazard, Poor critical control point identification. His video went viral and attracted over 650k views and loads of commentspeople didn't shy away from . A certified personal trainer and holistic nutritionist named Josh Dech turned to TikTok to discuss why certain products found in the States are banned in other countries. Re-evaluation Food Additives are substances used for a variety of reasons - such as preservation, colouring or sweetening. European Food Safety Authority | Trusted science for safe food These dyes can be used in foods sold in Europe, but the products must carry a warning saying the coloring agents may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children. No such warning is required in the United States, though the Center for Science in the Public Interest petitioned the F.D.A. The preservative can be found in everything from cereal and potato chips to chewing gum and beer. Until 2014, food packaging had to be pre-approved and listed before it could be released to the market, but now such pre-market assessments are voluntary. Nitrates and nitrites are still permitted as preservatives in processed meats and some cheeses. It's also used to enhance the colors of over-the-counter and cosmetic products like . Some additives could be eliminated if we were willing to grow our own food, harvest and grind. An industry preventive control plan is important and necessary, but does not obviate the need for government monitoring and intervention. Receive direct access to our top content, contests and perks. What kind of jobs do students get in Canada? There are questions about paper takeout containers, bakery and deli paper treated with per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS, grease-proofing agent used in paper packaging), ortho phenyl-phenol in aluminum cans, benzophenone in milk and juice containers, heavy metals, perchlorate (anti-static agent used in plastic for dry food and in food handling equipment, and some ingredients / contaminants in printer inks. (11) Baking mixes; Unstandardized bakery products, (1) A blend of prepared fish and prepared meat referred to in paragraph B.21.006 (n). Additionally, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) guarantees that the pork exported from Canada comes from pigs that have never been fed ractopamine or otherwise exposed to it. The common name to be used for the lake version of a colour may simply be the common name of the colour (for example, "tartrazine") or alternatively "(naming the colour) lake" (for example, tartrazine lake). Unfortunately for those living in the United States, that's the reality of what just went into your stomach. Food additives are regulated primarily under Division 16 of the Food and Drugs Regulations. The ban on styrene was also supported by a petition from the food industry. Part 3: Class 3, antifungal and antimycotic. Some foods, like those found in this grocery store in Nice, France, don't contain food additives that would otherwise be allowed in foods in the United States. A processing aid is not usually directly regulated. The European Food Safety Authority banned the ingredient last year because of concerns about potential connections to cancer, but the FDA has "not taken any action on titanium dioxide following the EFSA assessment," he said. Food colours must be declared by their specific common names in the list of ingredients of a prepackaged product (for example, "allura red"). There is also a list of antimicrobial processing aids used in meat processing for which letters of no objection have previously been issued. Many facilitate convenient use, for most of the population an advantage but not a necessity, however for some with reduced ability to manipulate foods and their packages, such advantages are important. For food additives, the names in Health Canada's lists of permitted food additives are always acceptable common names. In addition to questions about their direct safety in cured meat, nitrates/nitrites are also implicated in facilitating the ubiquitous sale of low quality meat, high consumption of which can result in a range of health problems beyond nitrate/nitrite exposure. Contact Dried egg-white (dried albumen); Dried whole egg; Dried yolk; Frozen egg-white (frozen albumen); Frozen whole egg; Frozen yolk; Liquid egg-white (liquid albumen); Liquid whole egg; Liquid yolk, To stabilize albumen during pasteurization, Liquid whey destined for the manufacture of dried whey products other than those for use in infant formula, (Naming the flavour) Flavour for use in beverages containing citrus or spruce oils, 15 p.p.m.