what favor did hrothgar do for beowulf's father? what favor did hrothgar do for beowulf's father?

What spell did Grendel put on the thanes' weapons? He once protected Beowulf's now deceased father, Ecgtheow, from a blood feud and knew Beowulf when he was a boy. Beowulf decides to fight Grendel to not only gain glory for himself and to create himself a good reputation, but also to serve as assistance to the people of Herot. "Beowulf ruled in Geatland, took the throne he refused, once, and held it long and well." creating and saving your own notes as you read. (one code per order). . Beowulf's decision to fight Grendel without a weapon has a touch of irony. Beowulf is the hero to his King's son and country, by staying loyal and having honor. It is unfortunate that in the entire kingdom, no single soldier has the ability and skills to fight and kill Grendel. . A nephew and thane of King Hygelac, Beowulf carefully chooses 14 of the finest warriors in Geatland to sail to Denmark. How did Hrothgar feel at Beowulf's departure? King Hrothgar Beowulf Geats Danes/Danish warriors Wiglaf King Hrothgar, the ruler of the Danes, is troubled by the rampages of a demon named Grendel. Beowulf was accompanied by 14 men to Denmark. coursework, case studies, PowerPoint presentations, reviews, etc. now: 21st Century: Shop eBooks and audiobooks at Rakuten Kobo. Why does Unferth question Beowulfs ability? of the mead-hall after his own warriors were slaughtered by Grendel, underline the seriousness of Beowulf's undertaking. Grendel is thrown off by how strong Beowulf is since he has never experienced anyone as strong as him before. In the poem Beowulf tells of his previous courageous actions in destroying a tribe of giants, defeating sea monsters in the night and returning from battle covered in his enemies blood. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. for a customized plan. Who is King Hrothgar's father in Beowulf? CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. Para defender o rei, chega o heri Beowulf e seus leais guerreiros. Describe Grendel as he approached Heorot. Fighting for one's king I think that this greatly influences how the new character acts. Another example is when Hygelac dies, Beowulf is asked to take the throne. What did Hrothgar promise Beowulf if he defeated Grendel? Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Copy. for example, the sea is referred to as "the whale-road", Loyalty to king & family, Obedience to tribal law, Admiration of strength, Cleverness in battle. Grendel attacks out of hatred for humankind; the dragon attacks out of revenge. Beowulf becomes extremely familiar with two leaders, Hrothgar, king of the Danes and his blood-related uncle, Hygelac, king of the Geats. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Previous Skill and resourcefulness in battle, Public Reputation, not private conscience, Omens, Repay his father's (Ecgtheow) debt to Hrothgar, Childhood Friendship, Loyalty to king & family, Obedience to tribal law, Admiration of strength, Cleverness in battle How did Hrothgar come to know Beowulf's father? Are you sure you want to remove #bookConfirmation# Science, 23.12.2021 08:15, danigirl12 Poem about the composition of heart, Pls answer thanks. March 3, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Beowulf's presence restores happiness, cheerfulness, and most importantly hope throughout the hall. The Anglo - Saxon values these qualities. What did Hrothgar's herald, Wulfgar, say about them? She wants them to be allies. Please wait while we process your payment. Beowulf then showed humility by turning down his first offer to be king. The hart was a symbol of Germanic kingship. Instant PDF downloads. In his prime, Hrothgar built the Scyldings into a powerful military and social entity, symbolized by the erection of his great mead-hall, Heorot. Beowulf Hrothgar The warrior defined himself as a unique character through his style of fighting, strength, and courage; which in turn caused him to be an outcast in comparison to the other, Beowulf had done the unthinkablehe had killed a demon that no warrior of Denmark could have done. As the coastal guard first approaches the Geats, he asks about Beowulf's lineage (251) the same question that a visitor might expect in the Greek epic, The Odyssey, composed some 1,500 years before. Renews March 10, 2023 When Beowulf was a youth, apparently during his adolescence, he engaged in a swimming match on the open sea with another boy, named Breca. Hrothgar's herald, Wulfgar, strongly urges the king to meet with Beowulf and the Geats. After giving Beowulf the speech to further glorify his prominence, Hrothgar declares, Glory is now yours/ Forever and ever; your courage has earned it,/ And your strength (953-956). It is nothing compared to the challenge that is about to come. Hrothgar was meanwhile "in the Refine any search. Beowulf, whom Hrothgar thinks of as a son, must beware of pride and old age. Breca could not pull away, and Beowulf would not abandon the other boy. Beowulf has properly held back information about himself while dealing with a mere coastal guard but details his personal reputation to the king. The characters loyalty to their leaders as well as their conventional sense of masculinity indicate that the values of a society determine the values of an individual. Secondly, Beowulf's name precedes him. meant to be used only for research purposes. beowulf grew up protected by Hrothgar who in time arranged to pay the Weregild (death payment) allowing Beo. Wulfing. Beowulf is a pivotal epic told by poets throughout early european society and mirrors the manly nature of their ideal hero. After Beowulf slays him, Grendel's mother attacks the hall and is then also defeated. There are three main battles. What did Beowulf accuse Unferth, Ecglaf's son, of? The good cheer is interrupted by Unferth, a top thane of Hrothgar, who insults Beowulf and questions his reputation. Ecgtheow, Beowulfs father had killed the leader of the Wulfings tribe, Throughout the poem, Beowulf fights three different monsters and in each of these situations he chooses to begin the fight without their help. What was done with shild's body when he died? Hrothgar sent treasure to the Wulfings to mend the feud, and Beowulf's father pledged his allegiance to Hrothgar. How did Scyld arrive in Denmark? On page 33 of Seamus Heaney's bilingual edition of "Beowulf", Beowulf gives the fuller account of Hrothgar and how the Geatish hero Beowulf visited him to free his people from the trollish creature Grendel. We help them Throughout the poem, Beowulf displays commendable behavior by saving another kingdom, defeating three villains, and maintaining allegiance to the lord and his people. n each of the following sentences, cross out any word that is incorrectly lowercased and correctly write the word above it. For example, when facing the dragon nearly all of his hand picked soldiers coward in fear. 1. show him some of the treasure You can view our. Beowulf belives that God is responsible fro his success, " by favor of God, we won the fight" (Line 697). This time, Beowulf is much older and is in a much weaker state than when he first defeated Grendel and his mother. The severed arm is hung high in the mead-hall as a trophy of victory., In the poem, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats in Scandinavia, comes to the help of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall (Heorot) has been under attack by a being known as Grendel. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Hrothgar needs little convincing. More a palace, Heorot is decorated with gold and fine tapestries. Who was the Geatish warrior who decided to help Hrothgar? This way, the king seems to be acknowledging that Beowulf was essential in fighting the evil Grendel, thus helping not only his reign but also his people in the kingdom. We use cookies to create the best experience for you. What did hrothgar build in tribute to his mighty warriors, A hall that would hold his mighty band- herot, Who or what became disturbed by the noise, To see what the Warriors would do when their drinking was done, How did the Warriors finally escape grendel's wrath, Searched for rest in different beds, survivors were only those who fled, How long was grendel's reign of terror on the Danes, Why didn't hrothgar offer some type of truce to Grendel, Why was hrothgar safe from Grendel's murderous claws, Decided to help hrothgar, did this because he wanted to defeat Grendel, How many geats did Beowulf take with him to Denmark, Why were Beowulf and his warriors stopped by a guard when they landed in Denmark, The guard wanted to make sure they weren't pirates or thieves, Told him that he was here to drive Grendel out, The guard believed him and let him proceed, What did the guard do after bringing Beowulf to herot, What did beowulf's warriors do when they arrived at hrothgar, He told him that he should Listen to what Beowulf had to say, He knew him as a boy and knew about his father, That he will fight Grendel without any weapons, If Grendel should kill him what did Beowulf want hrothgar to do. This shows Beowulf's loyalty to Higlac his late King, and to his family. Before he dies Beowulf orders a barrow to be made in his name and then names Wiglaf the new King of the Geats. How does Beowulf respond? "reward". You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. In his advice, the King explains that he has learned that in life, he has faced various enemies that are too difficult to conquer (Rumford, 2007). He is Dragon wants revenge: The theft of a gem-studded cup by someone who accidentally stumbles on the entrance to the stone tower precedes the dragon's attack on the Geats. As Grendel approached Heorot he was in a very angry and aggressive mood who seemed to be craving murder and chaos. It is the center of Hrothgar's kingdom and a place of joy and light, which is exactly what Grendel, who has been raiding the hall for a dozen years, resents. Following the death of Hygelac rises an important transitional moment for Beowulf. The Geatish warrior who decided to help Hrothgar is Beowulf. Hrothgar. Do they follow the rules of their society? Beowulf. -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the character Hrothgar appears in, dies, his son Healfdane became king. Throughout the poem the reader can see how Beowulf is the greatest warrior of his time. He has, however, heard that Unferth has killed his own brothers, for which he will be condemned to Hell even though he may be "clever" with words. -Scholarship, -Beowulf connecting the people he brought with him (army) when going to fight Grendel (makes their kingdom look good because they receive money and fame after fighting Grendel) they forced him to leave. A wise and aged ruler, Hrothgar represents a different kind of leadership from that exhibited by the youthful warrior Beowulf. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs In Beowulf, the epic poem when Beowulf leaves Hrothgar, the man who he has risked his life for twice, to return to his home all are hit with this all too familiar feeling of sadness and th e feelings of kinship shine through. Who became the new Danish King after shild's death? Finally, during Beowulfs time as ruler (fifty winters), another beast arrives: a dragon. The towns person goes to find a great warrior to defeat Grendel and they find Beowulf. All delivered papers are samples 27 febrero, 2023 . that blessings may turn to grief. Complete your free account to request a guide. Beowulf brags (people sent me and know im capable of fighting Grendel). development. I'll list it in the source link below. For some time, Hrothgar's men have spent their nights elsewhere as Grendel freely bivouacs in Heorot. South-Danes, Hrothgar's kingdom. -Kids in school This is shown evidently in the kings advice that he offers to Beowulf after helping him fight and defeat Grendel the evil. Beowulf defeat Grendel leading to a new conflict with Grendels mother, Beowulf then finds out the Geats wouldnt help him but he still defeats Grendel mother but he has been defeated also making the Geats fill sorry for not helping and they make him a statue for all he has done., 1) Describe how we find King Hrothgar and his response to learning that Beowulf has come to his kingdom., Beowulf, with a group of warriors, sails to the land of the Danes to fight Grendel., Beowulf was a brave warrior who followed the warriors code throughout the entire story. He has true honor and respectfully distributes treasure and gifts to those whom he believes rightfully deserves them. He drew it from its scabbard, broke the chain on its hilt, and then, savage, now, angry and desperate, lifted it high over his head and struck with all the strength he had left, caught her in the neck and cut it through, broke bones and all. Pg72. He has driven trouble out of his native land. In Beowulfs case Hrothgar knew and respected his father, which cast a positive light on Beowulf. In his advice, the king is urging the young warrior Beowulf to be wise and always acknowledge that other people are important in the course of leadership and thus should be respected. Instead, he offers them a "sword-feast" (562); they eat death. This is a huge downfall for Beowulf because he cannot compete with such strong thing as fire. Gummere, F. (2012). We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Why would he take responsibility for the dragon's awakening even though he had nothing to do with it? before the Geats depart, known as "Hrothgar's Sermon," is important thematically as it warns of the dangers of fame and the mutability of time. So massive no ordinary man could lift its carved and decorated length. Beowulf then turns the speech back to Unferth, asserting wryly that he has never heard of any similar achievement by his accuser. Mythical son of edgetho, higlac's nephew, King of the geats. Beowulf is an impressive-looking man. Eras filled with monsters, demons and selfless devotion towards the Glory of God. Because of this, Hrothgar decides to keep a powerful sword mounted on a stand outside his door so anyone who needs help against the monsters can take it. The king makes a hall in which his queen and warriors often gather in celebrations of the victory get in wars and other good things that he gets in his leadership (Gummere, 2012). The king shows his appreciation to the warrior by showering him with much praise. However, the men and warriors also fight for their own status and power. Summarystory.com provides students with professional writing and editing assistance. Heorot is filled with friends and family, including. He is a father figure to Beowulf and a model for the kind of king that Beowulf becomes. what favor did hrothgar do for beowulf's father? Previous ArticleWhat is comic relief in a story? As a gesture of victory, Beowulf gives the sword he used to kill Grendel and her mother to the king. I think that Beowulf does feel indebted to Hrothgar for his past kindnesses to the family because when Beowulfs father killed Heatholaf, it could have led to a huge war and it could have hurt the Danes, but Hrothgar stopped that from happening. Beowulf is repaying his fathers debt to Hrothgar. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. The main character is set apart from the other warriors because of his courage and humility. What political developments did Central and Eastern Europe experience in the late nineteenth century? -military Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. While at Hrothgar's court, Beowulf is made aware of his father's pledge of allegiance to the king. Beowulf did not want to use a weapon he proclaims to the people, Id use no sword, no weapon (630) just to show how powerful he is. Leading up to the attack on Grendel Beowulf boasts about his victories and boldly states that he will kill Grendel. Hygelac offered him land and he didn't want the dragon to ruin it. For this reason, creating and maintaining healthy relationships with all people is an important ingredient in the success of people, not only in leadership circumstances but also in general areas of life. Beowulf defeats Grendel by putting him in a deathly hold and breaking bones in his shoulder and arm. | Beowulf puts Grendel in a death grip making it hard for him to move. In a very practical sense, Beowulf's desire for honest glory protects him. and leadership, which take into account a heros entire life span Compare/contrast Beowulf and Hrothgar. Conflict can be external and it can take one of these forms: Purchasing How did Hrothgar die? 608 Words3 Pages. 3. his byrny Hrothgar enjoys military success and prosperity until Grendel terrorizes his realm. Yusra Mardini, for instance, is a Syrian teenager who, while escaping her war-torn. How many men accompany Beowulf to Denmark? You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. He constantly proves himself through fights and displays countless leadership qualities. Foreshadowing Beowulf's trials in later life, Hrothgar points out that he ruled successfully for 50 years until Grendel brought him to his knees. So why did hollywood change the story of beowulf? 20% I actually was not to sure about the history between Hrothgar and Ecgtheow. his young protg not to give in to pride and always to remember Describe the battle between Beowulf and Grendel. Fifty years have passed and Beowulf was eighty. After this, Ecgtheow paid The concept of a hero is prevalent through all generations because it presents a template for ethics and behavior. Pride; Arrogant Humbled Scyld arrives in Demark by sailing alone in the sea when he was a child. 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. King Hrothgar is wise and skillful, after being assisted by Beowulf warrior to kill Grendel and his mother; he is given a sword as a form of victory. Avenging one's kinsmen Who was Beowulf? - the amount of compensation paid by a person committing an offense to the injured party or, in case of death, to his family. Father of Beowulf. Upon seeing it, the Thanes immediately flee, leaving only Wiglaf to battle at Beowulfs side. 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. -Beowulf wants to pay his father's debt, he speaks respectfully to Hrothgar and asks for a favor, they Danes are upset Grendel does not pay wilgar-money paid to the families for the killing of a man. Whenever we are introduced to a new character we are told that this character is the related to another character in the novel. The second battle, Beowulf had to fight was against Grendel's mother. The poetic imagery of the passage is worth notice as well, especially when the poet associates the metaphor of feasting with death. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. If the warriors lack the loyalty for their king, the urge to protect their king and tribe is diminished. Are you sure you want to remove #bookConfirmation# Beowulf owes Hrothgar a favor because Hrothgar had once assisted Beowulf's father in battle. Once they arrived, the Danish coast guard claims that he has never seen men as well put together and well-armed as Beowulf's troops. Women are described as having a hostess- like role since they are responsible for greeting all of their guests and they need to have an attractive appearance in their expensive jewels. -BEOWULF HAS TO BE POLITE EVEN THO UNFERTH MADE FUN OF HIM. Danish King, son of shild, healfdane's father. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies. or to pay compensation for those he kills and thus make peace with their families. Kinsmen and warrior of Hrothgar. What did he build to reward his warriors? Beowulf declines this offer. A new hero named Wiglaf appears and protects Beowulf from this monster. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Who was the first king of the Danes mentioned in the poem, How many years did Grendel terrorize Herot, How many Danes are killed in Grendel's first attack and more. However, that does not deter Beowulf from going out and defending his kingdom. Grendel attacks Beowulf laying outstretched on the floor and soon the both of them are moving around the hall and attacking each other. They swam together five nights, not seven. When his enemies sought vengeance, Ecgtheow took refuge with Hrothgar, then a young king. The graphic details of that possibility, along with Hrothgar's gory description (484 ff.) Beowulf is willing to risk his life by battling battles to protect the people. As the poem slowly unfolds, the works of Grendel, who has been persistently plundering the Kings hall-Heorot, are tormenting the kingdom. (2007). Beowulf tells Hrothgar that his men follow Higlac. Unferth is jealous of Beowulf The deceased family wanted revenge, so families were killing people; war results. Hrothgar, the aged ruler of the Danes who accepts Beowulf's help in the first part of the story, aids Beowulf's development into maturity. Tangible riches are things that are able to be touched or felt. At the same time, life presents different challenges and problems that people have to be prepared to deal with. Put on a ship and heaped with treasure, jeweled helmet, honored with a sword, and coats of mail and armor done so because he was an honored King. bookmarked pages associated with this title. Finally, and probably most importantly, there is an implication that Beowulf's family owes a debt to Hrothgar. He is excited that Beowulf is there to help since he heard that Beowulf has the strength of about 30 men. -If Beowulf succeeds everyone he has mentioned looks good (give up power but share the fame) Did he kill any of Beowulf's thanes? Beowulf is huge and strong. We help Hrothgar promises Beowulf anything he wants if he defeats Grendel because he says none of Beowulf's wishes will go unfulfilled if he wins. is the wife of Hrothgar and the Queen of the Danes, She basically tells Beowulf to befriend her children who happened to be in line fro the thrown. Beowulf was born in ad 495. Hrothgar appears in two Anglo-Saxon poems, Beowulf and Widsith. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! a treasure-trove to the Wulfings. "But Beowulf refused to rule when his Lord's own son was alive." To avoid repeating a character's name, poets used epithets- descriptive phrases that referred back to specific characters. 4. shield of the people here, a reference to King Hrothgar. Em sangrenta misso de vingana contra o respeitado rei Hrothgar, que no passado assassinou o pai da criatura, Grendel degola os homens do reinado. S.l: Duke Classics. cope with academic assignments such as essays, articles, term and research papers, dissertations, -A person against nature Hrothgar knew Beowulf as a little boy. (We are reminded of Cain, another brother-killer, and the damnation that descends even to Grendel.) shown. This opened several new doors for Beowulf, including one that promised of honor, glory, and riches. Hrothgar knows of Beowulf for two reasons. They wore body armor for protection, and each carried a sword. This decision exemplifies the value he placed on ethics and honor. If it is his fate to die, Beowulfs journey to Denmark is short, it outlines that he crossed what we know today as the North Sea. How does Beowulf travel to Denmark? Beowulf is described as the strongest and bravest of all the geats. Beowulf: A heros tale retold. "Hail Hrothgar" Honoring the king (cleaning up his problem of Grendel). What are Beowulf's dying wishes? Beowulf's father, Ecgtheow, once killed a leader of another tribe in a feud. Rough seas finally drove them apart. The king examines the hilt and then speaks to Beowulf, giving a sermon on the dangers of fame and success and the vicissitudes of life. Instead of rushing to the throne he steps back and supports Hygelac son, the rightful heir. First, he is a young warrior eager to earn glory and enhance his reputation. It is until Beowulf; one of Hrothgars skillful warriors comes and defeats Grendel and later plans and fights his mother, killing her as well (Rumford, 2007). In the Beowulf poem, Hrothgar is the leader of the Danes; in addition, he is also the lord over the kingdom's great hall-Heorot (Rumford, 2007). Beowulf tells King Hrothgar the monsters scorn of men Is so great that he needs no weapons and fears none. Beowulf's father, Ecgtheow. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Who was Hygelac? Best Answer. He carries himself with the bearing of a noble leader, a champion. Check the following excerpt out. Upon his departure, what gift does Beowulf give to the coast warden of the Danes? $24.99 Be sure to discuss at least two specific examples. List as many similarities and differences as possible. He stays awake, awaiting the, H Commentary #1: Beowulfs behavior is clearly shown his loyalty not only for the king of the Danes but also to his people in the Danes., Beowulf is a very courageous character and recounts his acts of courage to every person who will listen. He has shown admirable restraint without backing down, and his verbal attacks have been centered on Unferth, not the Scyldings generally. and any corresponding bookmarks? The narrator explains that Hrothgar has achieved humility through the fights that he has had to endure in the course of fighting Grendel the evil alongside its mother (Gummere, 2012). from your Reading List will also remove any This is Beowulf's tribe in southwestern Sweden. With this gesture of gratitude and respect of the throne, he proves himself worthy of kingship. Loyalty, one of the main themes throughout Beowulf, is an important aspect of the Germanic culture. Hrothgar has already heard that Beowulf has the strength of 30 men in his hand-grip and welcomes the visitors . -They run In his conclusion, Beowulf sardonically refers to the "Victory-Scyldings" (597), still directing his speech to Unferth, and concludes that Grendel has no fear of him. What does Hrothgar's generosity say about his character? Then, he faces Grendels mother, who proves to be more difficult, but with the help of a magical sword, Beowulf defeats her as well. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. -After Beowulf was born his father got into a war with another tribe's warrior. Find and correct any errors in verb forms in each sentence in the following paragraphs. What was the role of women? Through these two relationships we see different sides of Beowulf and how people of the same rank can have different rank within Beowulfs heart and. Source(s) Beowulf Lines 194-606. Beowulf, heroic poem, the highest achievement of Old English literature and the earliest European vernacular epic. Sometimes it can end up there. Answer (1 of 3): When Beowulf was an infant he was taken to Hrothgars hall with his parents because his father had killed an influential man and the mans family wanted the young mans death. He is a young man, probably in his early twenties. With that, Beowulf directly addresses the problems that the Scyldings have had with Grendel. The reader first encounters him as he disembarks from the ship. Beowulf exerts his loyalty to Hrothgar by protecting the kings people, and killing Grendel. The way the content is organized. Hrothgar rewards Beowulf by giving him a helmet, sword, an embroidered banner, an embossed ridge, a band lapped with wire, and 8 horses with gold bridles. The great hero and the strongest of the Geats, bold of heart, and strong of strife; later became the king of Geats-folk What favor does Beowulf ask of Hrothgar? Furthermore, Beowulfs fame was set in stone by Hrothgar, the king who owed Beowulf his everything, including his thanks. Loving, Beowulf is a great warrior, his very confident to fight to the monster, but his weaknesses when he see the beautiful girl under the sea, the girl pretend for being a innocent, in an evil side, Beowulf begged, and in loved her, and also when she came to the island, under the king hrothgar, his concern for the people live there. In the same way, life offers various kinds of problems, while a particular individual can easily tackle some; others require assistance from other people. Beowulf says that the denizens of the deep intended to feast on him, amusingly suggesting a scene in which sea-beasts are formally pulling up to a banquet on the ocean floor. To help poets remember their lines, Old English verses has a strong rhythm marked by a pause or break near the middle of every line, A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story novel, play, or narrative poem. He once protected Beowulf's now deceased father, Ecgtheow, from a blood feud and knew Beowulf when he was a boy. Nor will I (lines 262-264) Therefore Beowulf intends to fight the Grendel without his armor or his sword. rather than just his valiant youth, reveal the contrast between