what are five responses to urban sustainability challenges? what are five responses to urban sustainability challenges?

3 Clark, C. M. 2015. Poor resource management can not only affect residents in cities but also people living in other parts of the world. Intensive urban growth can lead to greater poverty, with local governments unable to provide services for all people. Cities with a high number of manufacturing are linked with ____. Ultimately, given its U.S. focus and limited scope, this report does not fully address the notion of global flows. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. In an increasingly urbanized and globalized world, the boundaries between urban and rural and urban and hinterland are often blurred. These goals generally include attracting new investment, improving social conditions (and reducing social problems), ensuring basic services and adequate housing, and (more recently) raising environmental standards within their jurisdiction. A large suburban development is built out in the countryside. The second is an understanding of the finite nature of many natural resources (or the ecosystems from which they are drawn) and of the capacities of natural systems in the wider regional, national, and international context to absorb or break down wastes. Healthy people, healthy biophysical environments, and healthy human-environment interactions are synergistic relationships that underpin the sustainability of cities (Liu et al., 2007). Thankfully, the world has many resources and the capacity to properly distribute them. This paper focuses on adaptive actions in response to WEF challenges as well as the environmental implications of these responses in Harare, Zimbabwe. Urban sustainability is therefore a multiscale and multidimensional issue that not only centers on but transcends urban jurisdictions and which can only be addressed by durable leadership, citizen involvement, and regional partnerships as well as vertical interactions among different governmental levels. Only about 2 hectares (4.94 acres) of such ecosystems are available, however, for each person on Earth (with no heed to the independent requirements of other consumer species). In most political systems, national governments have the primary role in developing guidelines and supporting innovation allied to regional or global conventions or guidelines where international agreement is reached on setting such limits. Information is needed on how the processes operate, including by whom and where outcomes and inputs are determined as well as tipping points in the system. How can the redevelopment of brownfields respond tourban sustainability challenges? We argue that much of the associated challenges, and opportunities, are found in the global . UA is thus integral to the prospect of Urban Sustainability as SDG 11 ("Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable") of the U.N.'s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. To analyze the measures taken at an urban level as a response to the challenges posed by the pandemic (RQ1), we used a set of criteria. Fine material produced in air pollution that humans can breathe in. Urban sustainability is a large and multifaceted topic. 1, Smog over Almaty, Kazakhstan (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Smog_over_Almaty.jpg), by Igors Jefimovs (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Igor22121976), licensed by CC-BY-3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/), Fig. Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email. This will continue the cycle of suburban sprawl and car dependency. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. Intended as a comparative illustration of the types of urban sustainability pathways and subsequent lessons learned existing in urban areas, this study examines specific examples that cut across geographies and scales and that feature a range of urban sustainability challenges and opportunities for collaborative learning across metropolitan regions. Cities have experienced an unprecedented rate of growth in the last decade. Proper disposal, recycling, and waste management are critical for cities. These opportunities can be loosely placed in three categories: first, filling quantitative data gaps; second, mapping qualitative factors and processes; and third, identifying and scaling successful financing models to ensure rapid adoption. Bai (2007) points to threethe spatial, temporal, and institutional dimensionsand in each of these dimensions, three elements exist: scale of issues, scale of concerns, and scale of actions and responses. Such a framework of indicators constitutes a practical tool for policy making, as it provides actionable information that facilitates the understanding and the public perception of complex interactions between drivers, their actions and impacts, and the responses that may improve the urban sustainability, considering a global perspective. Learn about and revise the challenges that some British cities face, including regeneration and urban sustainability, with GCSE Bitesize Geography (AQA). What are the six main challenges to urban sustainability? Name some illnesses that poor water quality can lead to. transportation, or waste. The main five responses to urban sustainability challenges are regional planning efforts, urban growth boundaries, farmland protection policies, greenbelts, and redevelopment of brownfields. This helps to facilitate the engagement, buy-in, and support needed to implement these strategies. Lack of regulation and illegal dumping are causes for concern and can lead to a greater dispersion of pollutants without oversight. Further, unpredictable timing and quantity of precipitation can both dry up growing crops or lead to flash floods. Very little information on the phases of urban processes exists, be it problem identification or decision making. European cities have been at the forefront of the crisis from the very beginning, not only bearing the worst impacts but also becoming key actors in advocating for a green and just recovery. Where possible, activities that offer co-occurring, reasonably sized benefits in multiple dimensions of sustainability should be closely considered and pursued as primary choices while managing tradeoffs. The sustainability of a city cannot be considered in isolation from the planets finite resources, especially given the aggregate impact of all cities. Local decision making must have a larger scope than the confines of the city or region. An important example is provided by climate change issues, as highlighted by Wilbanks and Kates (1999): Although climate change mainly takes place on the regional to global scale, the causes, impacts, and policy responses (mitigation and adaptation) tend to be local. Maintaining good air and water quality in urban areas is a challenge as these resources are not only used more but are also vulnerable to pollutants and contaminants. Because an increasing percentage of the worlds population and economic activities are concentrated in urban areas, cities are highly relevant, if not central, to any discussion of sustainable development. Health impacts, such as asthma and lung disease. The DPSIR framework describes the interactions between society and the environment, the key components of which are driving forces (D), pressures (P) on the environment and, as a result, the states (S) of environmental changes, their impacts (I) on ecosystems, human health, and other factors, and societal responses (R) to the driving forces, or directly to the pressure, state, or impacts through preventive, adaptive, or curative solutions. regional planning efforts, urban growth boundaries, farmland protection policies, greenbelts, and redevelopment of brownfields. All of the above research needs derive from the application of a complex system perspective to urban sustainability. of the users don't pass the Challenges to Urban Sustainability quiz! As climate change effects intensify extreme weather patterns, disturbances in water resources can occur. Climate, precipitation, soil and sediments, vegetation, and human activities are all factors of declining water quality. Extreme inequalities threaten public health, economic prosperity, and citizen engagementall essential elements of urban sustainability. KUALA LUMPUR, February 10, 2018 - In an effort to support cities to achieve a greener future, a new Urban Sustainability Framework (USF), launched today by the World Bank and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), serves as a guide for cities seeking to enhance their sustainability. How can farmland protection policies respond tourban sustainability challenges? In discussing sustainability from a global perspective, Burger et al. Particularly for developing countries, manufacturing serves as a very important economic source, serving contracts or orders from companies in developed countries. Restrictive housing covenants, exclusionary zoning, financing, and racism have placed minorities and low-income people in disadvantaged positions to seek housing and neighborhoods that promote health, economic prosperity, and human well-being (Denton, 2006; Rabin, 1989; Ritzdorf, 1997; Sampson, 2012; Tilley, 2006). Urban governments are tasked with the responsibility of managing not only water resources but also sanitation, waste, food, and air quality. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Fossil fuel energy (coal, oil, and natural gas) currently supplies most of the world's energy, emitting carbon and other pollutants into the atmosphere that exacerbate climate change and reduce air quality. It nevertheless serves as an indicator for advancing thinking along those lines. I. Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. They found that while those companies lost almost 600,000 jobs compared with what would have happened without the regulations, there were positive gains in health outcomes. How did the federal government influence suburban sprawl in the US? . Statement at NAS Exploratory Meeting, Washington, DC. How can sanitation be a challenge to urban sustainability? How many goods are imported into and exported from a city is not known in practically any U.S. city. True or false? Environmental disasters are more likely to occur with greater intensity; buildings, streets, and facilities are more likely to be damaged or destroyed. Indicates air quality to levels to members of the public. When poorly managed, urbanization can be detrimental to sustainable development. Another kind of waste produced by businesses is industrial waste, which can include anything from gravel and scrap metal to toxic chemicals. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. There are many policy options that can affect urban activities such that they become active and positive forces in sustainably managing the planets resources. Given the relevance and impact of these constraints to the discussion of various pathways to urban sustainability, a further examination of these issues and their associated challenges are described in Appendix C (as well as by Day et al., 2014; Seto and Ramankutty, 2016; UNEP, 2012). These win-win efficiencies will often take advantage of economies of scale and adhere to basic ideas of robust urbanism, such as proximity and access (to minimize the time and costs of obtaining resources), density and form (to optimize the use of land, buildings, and infrastructure), and connectedness (to increase opportunities for efficient and diverse interactions). Ultimately, all the resources that form the base on which urban populations subsist come from someplace on the planet, most often outside the cities themselves, and often outside of the countries where the cities exist. At its core, the concept of sustainable development is about reconciling development and environment (McGranahan and Satterthwaite, 2003). Two trends come together in the world's cities to make urban sustainability a critical issue today. Often a constraint may result in opportunities in other dimensions, with an example provided by Chay and Greenstone (2003) on the impact of the Clean Air Act amendments on polluting plants from 1972 and 1987. As simple and straightforward as this may sound, the scale argument encompasses more than spatial scaleit is composed of multiple dimensions and elements. Generally, rural areas experience more levels of pollution than urban areas. This type of information is critically important to develop new analyses to characterize and monitor urban sustainability, especially given the links between urban places with global hinterlands. Fill in the blank. Furthermore, the governance of urban activities does not always lie solely with municipal or local authorities or with other levels of government. Part of the solution lies in how cities are planned, governed, and provide services to their citizens. Dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, nitrates, and bioindicators. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. This study provides direct and easily interpreted estimates of the air quality and infant health benefits of the 1970 Act. Commitment to sustainable development by city or municipal authorities means adding new goals to those that are their traditional concerns (McGranahan and Satterthwaite, 2003). A strip mall is built along a major roadway. The challenge is to develop a new understanding of how urban systems work and how they interact with environmental systems on both the local and global scale. How can suburban sprawl be a challenge to urban sustainability? Ecological footprint calculations show that the wealthy one-fifth of the human family appropriates the goods and life support services of 5 to 10 hectares (12.35 to 24.70 acres) of productive land and water per capita to support their consumer lifestyles using prevailing technology. To avoid negative consequences, it is important to identify the threshold that is available and then determine the actual threshold values. We choose it not because it is without controversy, but rather because it is one of the more commonly cited indicators that has been widely used in many different contexts around the world. Furthermore, the development of indicators should be supported with research that expresses the impact of the indicator. A set of standards that are required of water in order for its quality to be considered high. 3, Industrial Pollution in Russia (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Industry_in_Russia.jpg), by Alt-n-Anela (https://www.flickr.com/people/47539533@N05), licensed by CC-BY-2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en), Fig. The implementation of long-term institutional governance measures will further support urban sustainability strategies and initiatives. Wrong! Therefore, the elimination of these obstacles must start by clarifying the nature of the issue, identifying which among the obstacles are real and which can be handled by changing perceptions, concerns, and priorities at the city level. You're a city planner who has gotten all the support and funding for your sustainability projects. View our suggested citation for this chapter. Right? 3 Principles of Urban Sustainability: A Roadmap for Decision Making. ir quality and water resources can be protected through proper quality management and government policy. Further, sprawling urban development and high car dependency are linked with greater energy use and waste. This can assist governments in preserving natural areas or agricultural fields. Turbidity is a measure of how ___ the water is. when people exceed the resources provided by a location. Here we use the concept of ecological footprint, which has been proposed as an analytic tool to estimate the load imposed on the ecosphere by any specified human population (Berkowitz and Rees, 2003). A multiscale governance system that explicitly addresses interconnected resource chains and interconnected places is necessary in order to transition toward urban sustainability (Box 3-4). Urban sprawl reduces available water catchment areas, agricultural lands and increases demand for energy. . High amounts of nutrients that lead to an algal bloom and prevents oxygen and light from entering the water. 1 Planetary boundaries define, as it were, the boundaries of the planetary playing field for humanity if we want to be sure of avoiding major human-induced environmental change on a global scale (Rockstrm et al., 2009). 3 Principles of Urban Sustainability: A Roadmap for Decision Making, 5 A Path Forward: Findings and Recommendations, Appendix A: Committee on Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities Biographical Information, Appendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators, Appendix C: Constraints on the Sustainability of Urban Areas. Policies and cultural norms that support the outmigration, gentrification, and displacement of certain populations stymie economic and environmental progress and undermine urban sustainability (Fullilove and Wallace, 2011; Powell and Spencer, 2002; Williams, 2014). 5. These goals do not imply that city and municipal authorities need be major providers of housing and basic services, but they can act as supervisors and/or supporters of private or community provision. Any urban sustainability strategy is rooted in place and based on a sense of place, as identified by citizens, private entities, and public authorities. More regulation and penalties can assist with waste management, but many countries, both developed and developing, struggle with this. Simply put, any sustainability plans, including those applied in urban areas, cannot violate the laws of nature if they are to achieve acceptable, long-term outcomes for human populations. Urban metabolism2 may be defined as the sum of the technical and socioeconomic processes that occur in cities, resulting in growth, production of energy, and elimination of waste (Kennedy et al., 2007). So Paulo Statement on Urban Sustainability: A Call to Integrate Our Responses to Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss, and Social Inequality . The scientific study of environmental thresholds, their understanding, modeling, and prediction should also be integrated into early warning systems to enable policy makers to understand the challenges and impacts and respond effectively (Srebotnjak et al., 2010). It will require recognition of the biophysical and thermodynamic aspects of sustainability. outside of major urban areas with separate designations for residential, commercial, entertainment, and other services, usually only accessible by car. ), as discussed in Chapter 2. Urban sustainability has been defined in various ways with different criteria and emphases, but its goal should be to promote and enable the long-term well-being of people and the planet, through efficient use of natural resources and production of wastes within a city region while simultaneously improving its livability, through social amenities, economic opportunity, and health, so that it can better fit within the capacities of local, regional, and global ecosystems, as discussed by Newman (1999). Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. As discussed by Bai (2007), the fundamental point in the scale argument is that global environmental issues are simply beyond the reach and concern of city government, and therefore it is difficult to tackle these issues at the local level. A comprehensive strategy in the form of a roadmap, which incorporates these principles while focusing on the interactions among urban and global systems, can provide a framework for all stakeholders engaged in metropolitan areas, including local and regional governments, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations, to enable meaningful pathways to urban sustainability. These tools should provide a set of indicators whose political relevance refers both to its usefulness for securing the fulfillment of the vision established for the urban system and for providing a basis for national and international comparisons, and the metrics and indicators should be policy relevant and actionable. 2, River in Amazon Rainforest (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:River_RP.jpg), by Jlwad (https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Jlwad&action=edit&redlink=1), licensed by CC-BY-SA-4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en), Fig. It is beyond the scope of this report to examine all available measures, and readers are directed to any of the numerous reviews that discuss their relative merits (see, for example, uek et al., 2012; EPA, 2014a; Janetos et al., 2012; Wiedmann and Barrett, 2010; Wilson et al., 2007; The World Bank, 2016; Yale University, 2016). New sustainability indicators and metrics are continually being developed, in part because of the wide range of sustainability frameworks used as well as differences in spatial scales of interest and availability (or lack thereof) of data. Activities that provide co-benefits that are small in magnitude, despite being efficient and co-occurring, should be eschewed unless they come at relatively small costs to the system. Farmland protection policies are policies that prevent the conversion of agricultural land to anything non-agricultural-related. Although perfect class and economic equality is not possible, severe urban disparities should remain in check if cities are to realize their full potential and become appealing places of choice for multigenerational urban dwellers and new urban immigrants alike. Fig. These strategies should not be developed in isolation, but rather in collaboration with, or ideally, developed by, the practitioners responsible for achieving the goals and targets. All rights reserved. Urban governments are tasked with the responsibility of managing not only water resources but also sanitation, waste, food, and air quality. These same patterns of inequality also exist between regions and states with poor but resource-rich areas bearing the cost of the resource curse (see also Box 3-3). Three elements are part of this framework: A DPSIR framework is intended to respond to these challenges and to help developing urban sustainability policies and enact long-term institutional governance to enable progress toward urban sustainability.