burning shin pain after acl surgery burning shin pain after acl surgery

My ACL reconstruction and subsequent knee surgery resulted in a similar intense burning sensation to that which I experienced in my lower shin and ankle. I had full ROM at 4 weeks, and my leg strengh has is coming back pretty nicely. If the knee is curved inward prior to surgery, Genu Valgum, the new, straight knee will result in increased medical ankle compression and may cause pain on the inside of the ankle. Swelling or warmth in the joint 1 . Answers ( 1) It's because of injury to a very small nerve which runs superficial to hamstring graft harvesting area.. Its a very common condition post Acl reconstruction.. Numbness reduces over time.. Rouabhia, M., Park, H., Meng, S., Derbali, H., Zhang, Z. Learn how your comment data is processed. The presence of inflammation is a sign that healing is under way, which can result in an influx of cells. Welcome to Brandon Orthopedics! A study found that the bone remodeling process takes between 3 and 12 months following surgery to complete. The shinbone is a large, long bone found beneath the kneecap. She has advised her to icing to keep the pain at bay, to take more ibuprofen, and to rest as much as possible, but she has not stopped exercising. In the first 28 cases, an extramedullary alignment rod was used and there were no instances of ankle pain (0%). There are people complaining those 3 months after ACL surgery pain starts to increase. To reduce swelling, ice can be applied to the area. By using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. It can happen to athletes who play sports like football, basketball, soccer and volleyball, and to those who work physical jobs. If not with balance, but start using props for support in starting and give pressure as much you can handle. surgery one year ago. It is causing stress on the shin bone, the tibia (shin bone). 2019;78(11 Suppl 2):41-46. To advise you of additional assistance, your podiatrist may be able to observe how you are walking right now. As an expert in orthopaedic injuries, sports injuries, arthritis, and other types of degenerative conditions, Lipogems uses advanced non-surgical techniques such as stem cell therapy to treat these conditions. The burning sensation will eventually go away as the incision and stitches heal. In this case, the nervous systems perception that your hand was in danger was 100% correct. The nerves are bundles of long axons that are similar to a rope with individual axons inside it. Shin pain occurs most often in athletes involved in running, jumping, or high-impact sports. One possibility is that the procedure was done incorrectly and damaged the nerves in your shin. Noll S, Garrison JC, Bothwell J, Conway JE. Any of the three types of knee injuries can affect any of the ligaments, tendons, or fluid-filled sacs that surround the joint. My stab-like sensation (which is ghastly) during certain tasks. It's so great to find someone who understands the feeling! As a result of a variety of injuries, bone bruise, or stress fracture, shin pain can also occur. Based on the results of our study, we identified consultations in post-TKA patients with lower extremities numbness and weakness, leg numbness/ weakness, foot numbness/weakness, thigh numbness/weakness, numbness/weakness, decreased sensation in lower limbs, foot drop, and peripheral nerve. But sometimes another big nerve can also be damaged.. 2018 May 7;7(6):e601-e605. Despite its size, the knee is one of the most active joints in the body. Educational text answers on HealthTap are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment or prescription. A person with infection may suffer from more severe swelling if they also have symptoms of infection. This is a more serious condition and you should contact your doctor if you think this might be the case. Biol Open, 7(9), 2018. It appears to be the major scar tissue on a main nerve, according to the doctors I spoke with. 8(8), 2013. Sensory nerves are more resilient and can recover faster than other nerves. At a minimum this includes icing with an inflatable cuff (cryo cuff) or ice pack 15-20 minutes 4 to 5 times a day. Shelbourne KD, Freeman H, Gray T. Osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: the importance of regaining and maintaining full range of motion. Persistent pain is reported by patients who do not have infections, mechanical disorders, or complex regional pain syndrome type I. 2023 Brandon Orthopedics | All Right Reserved, 5 Tips For Weaning Yourself Off Crutches After Knee Surgery, Arthroscopic Knee Surgery: Risks And Benefits, The Truth About Spinal Stenosis: Causes Symptoms And Treatments, Can Years Of Surfing Contribute To Spinal Stenosis, The Effects Of Spinal Stenosis And Carpal Tunnel, Should I Apply Ice Or Heat To A Compression Fracture, How Does A Soft Bed Prevent Healing Of Herniated Disc, Herniated Discs: How To Sleep Without Worrying About Rupturing Your Discs, If You Have A Herniated Disc You Know The Excruciating Pain It Can Cause. This includes the part of the incision that cuts through muscle or other internal tissue. To reduce pain and swelling as well as maintain mobility, it is critical to take preventative measures. There are many things that can help alleviate nerve pain after knee replacement surgery. I had Achilles reconstruction surgery back on December 20, 2016. Doctors typically recommend applying ice . A lack of strength in the knee or leg, such as difficulty going up and down stairs, especially if it feels like the knee buckled or gave way. Common symptoms of a torn ACL include: popping sound at the time of injury. Bursitis, complex regional pain syndrome, and pinched nerves are three of the most common causes of pain after knee replacement. A third-degree burn is one of the most serious and potentially fatal. This can help substantially with pain relief, swelling, and wound healing," says Dr. Chiodo. I got a patellar tendon graft and I find myself icing my shin more than my knee now due to the bruising. no other symptoms. The burning sensation in my knee is a result of the acl surgery I had. Depending on the type of reconstructive surgery, the patient is required to use crutches for a specified period. Biological augmentation of graft healing in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. Arthritis, on the other hand, can make it more difficult for the knee to move and support your weight, and the swelling and pain can occur as a result of this. This injury can result in nerve damage, as well as cps and nerve damage. Numbing, itching, or tingling sensations in your shin can be accompanied by nerve-related shin pain. 200(3), 1977. Shifting Focus: A Clinicians Guide to Understanding Neuroplasticity for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rehabilitation. A repetitive knee strain injury is a common cause of ITBS in runners. However, in the vast majority of cases, following these instructions can help reduce the amount of pain that a person experiences following knee replacement surgery. Pain is an alarm thats sent through the nervous system when it perceives something to be dangerous. Stiffness in the joint. tendon usually from the same knee and in most cases the surgeon can use the same incisio You should not discontinue your exercises.After acl reconstruction surgery they are specials protocols that need to be follow in order to get maximun Leg pain, numbness, and tender to the touch in several places in my leg following acl reconstruction. A torn ACL is very painful and can debilitate a person for several months and perhaps for . N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct;44(10):2608-2614. Pain levels at or below 3/10 can generally be considered safe. In fact, the pain may not always be the result of knee joint damage. Start with a soft material such as a dry terry or wash cloth. The problem occurs when the patellar tendon, which runs from the kneecap (patella) to the shinbone (tibia), is irritated. When this treatment is ineffective, it may be necessary to add an antidepressant or anticonvulsant. US Pharm. pain that does not let me sleep, or do much of the daily activity i used to have. With this perception of danger comes a more intense ringing of the pain alarm.. I wore a boot for 6 weeks (actually ended up being 3 . The most common source of pain and "instability" after acl reconstruction is from weakness in the quad muscles (acl failure is possible but actually l DVT would be very uncommon but certainly not outbid there'll of possibility. The meniscus is a pad. Hexter AT, Thangarajah T, Blunn G, Haddad FS. In addition to a description of your pain sensation, timing, and triggers, a detailed physical examination and imaging tests are sometimes needed to clinch the diagnosis and develop a treatment plan. The OSCs office is located in Newport News, VA, about an hour away from Virginia Beach and Richmond. Most of the time, a burning sensation in the back following surgery is not a cause for concern. A little while after I started, I was having issues where my body wasn't reacting well after injections to where the area around the injection would get red, sore and swell. If the pain is severe and does not respond to pain medications, you may need to see your surgeon. 1998 Apr-Jun;11(2):131-9. Tingly, electric zings, burning, pins and needles are all normal side effects that occur during healing processes of your nerves. In many cases, it is simply a side effect of the surgery itself. 2010 Jul 22;363(4):331-42. Electrical stimulation promotes wound healing by enhancing dermal fibroblast activity and promoting myofibroblast transdifferentiation. 2014 Spring;66(2):199-205. Obviously, if you leave your hand on a hot stove for a long period of time, there will be serious consequences. It is common for people to return to some or all of their sensation within six to twelve weeks after surgery. The nervous system senses the temperature of the surface and realizes that it is not safe. I also had the pain after the surgery to repair my NY patella. It is a rare and well-known complication of knee replacement surgery. The effect on the nerves is one of the most fascinating aspects of knee replacement surgery. 2 12 12 comments Best Add a Comment LAjarhead 1 yr. ago I'm 3 weeks post op. I had allograft acl surgery almost one year ago today. For example, if you experience pain of a 2/10 the first time you perform a body weight squat, try several more squats. Uncontrolled diabetes, which causes high blood sugar levels that fluctuate, can also cause nerve damage to the legs. When you visit the doctor, you may discover that you have gout, nerve damage, or chronic back pain. The pain is usually caused by the incision that was made to access the knee joint. You feel deep somatic pain after an ankle sprain or broken bone. Shin pain is a common side effect of revision surgery, occurring in between 20% and 30% of patients. 2months over with my acl surgery hamstring autograft. He completed his training at the UC Irvine where he earned top of his class honors with his induction into the Alpha Omega Alapha Medical Society honors. Be a little more cautious with sharp or stabbing pain. These joints are the location of the ligaments and tendons. Compression stockings are sometimes used to move fluid out of the lower leg or compression wrapping is sometimes used to move fluid. A third type, OFD-like adamantinoma, is characterized by cancerous and non-cancerous cells. Had acl surgery 4 wks ago. If you have ankle pain or notice that you wear shoes that arent as comfortable as they used to be, you may need to see a foot and ankle surgeon. When the shinbone is subjected to repetitive stress, the fascicles can become stretched. The anterior cruciate ligament is torn or stretched when the knee is injured. Almost 20% of patients dissatisfied with their total knee replacement experience. Swelling and numbness in your knee can result from nerve damage. Brandon Callahan, MD is a board-certified orthopedic physician with a decade of experience in providing comprehensive orthopedic care to patients with musculoskeletal injuries and disorders. Hawaii J Health Soc Welf. There are a few different ways to treat nerve pain after knee surgery. Arthrofibrosis Symptoms. You should stop the massage program and consult a surgeon if you develop a rash after it has begun. This can occur for up to six months if it persists. The pain includes a numbness and tingling that is not specific to bottom/top, but the entire foot (although worst near the toes). Because of the weight bearing, the pain is caused by a bent knee, which means squats, climbing stairs, and walking are the most common causes of pain. ACL Surgery Rehab Complications - Screw Pain Wesley Wang, PT, DPT 3.29K subscribers Subscribe 5.9K views 9 months ago In this video, I explain the signs and symptoms of screw pain. Bencke J, Aagaard P, Zebis MK. Another possibility is that there is still some inflammation around the knee joint. Pain in the lower leg after knee replacement surgery is not uncommon. Treatment for fibula pain after knee replacement surgery typically includes physical therapy and exercises to strengthen the muscles and ligaments around the knee. The tibia and fibula are connected at the knee by ligaments and muscles. Painkillers, ice packs, and compression bandages are typically used as part of the treatment, and the pain usually goes away within a month. Borgens R.B., Vanable J.W., Jaffe L.F., Bioelectricity and regeneration. If you have arthritis, your doctor may recommend physical therapy to help you manage your joint pain and stay healthy. After knee surgery, it is not uncommon for patients to experience pain in their shins. It can be detrimental to their health, especially if they are unhappy and feel isolated. Filbay SR, Grindem H. Evidence-based recommendations for the management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Frobell RB, Roos EM, Roos HP, Ranstam J, Lohmander LS. The most common reason for having knee revision surgery is to relieve pain that is caused by a build-up of scar tissue or bone spurs around the implant. After knee surgery, a large portion of the population experiences swelling in their legs. Damage to the cartilage can result in pain and swelling as a result of both disorders. You ne. The third and final line of treatment is a capsaicin patch, and the fourth and final line of treatment is anopioids. Swelling and Shin pain can be caused by changes in the knee alignment as well as an increase in activity. Normally this should not cause any pain, but for someone experiencing hypersensitivity, this may be painful. The increase fluid cause a great deal of pressure on your shin bone. If you have arthritis or damage that caused wear and tear to the knee, you may have had a knee replacement to restore function to the joint. The appearance of the edema does not Autografts include bone/patella tendon/bone, hamstring, quad. One is a feeling of numbness or tingling in the affected leg. 2012 Jan;4(1):79-85. During knee replacement surgery, there is a slim chance that your peroneal nerve has been damaged. This means you can go home the same day. One of the peroneal nerves runs down the leg past the knee. How much pain do I feel after surgery? Am J Sports Med. Cupido C, Peterson D, Sutherland MS, Ayeni O, Strayord PW. Arthrosc Tech. Physical therapy can help relieve knee stiffness and restore a patient's normal range of motion. Your surgeon should be able to determine what is causing the pain you are experiencing. Because no two knees are the same, the results may take another five weeks for someone who has had knees done twice. i need a solution. In this article, Boyd W. Haynes III will explain why nerve pain after surgery is a common side effect. Finally, it is also possible that the pain is coming from the muscles and tendons that were affected by the surgery. For potential or actual medical emergencies, immediately call 911 or your local emergency service. Most rashes on the lower leg are caused by dermatitis, eczema, or an allergic reaction which will look like red, itchy bumps on the leg. Applying ice packs four times per day can help reduce swelling and pain, and compression garments should be worn when possible. Boyd W. Haynes III, MD, will provide a detailed explanation of why nerve pain after surgery is common in this article. If the procedure is modified, there is a chance that the development of neuroma will be avoided and pain will be reduced. Theyll understand when its ok to confidently push in to pain and when they may need to dial things back a bit. Shin pain is a common complaint after knee revision surgery. However, lack of exercise and activity may slow bone formation, which is not known to speed up bone remodeling. Walking with some weight on the repaired leg reduces atrophy, maintains proper blood circulation, and maintains knee flexibility. About 30% of patients report moderate pain after total knee replacement. It is possible for a small nerve to be accidentally sliced or stretched, causing numbness. Tag: Burning Shin Pain after ACL Surgery How to Treat a Painful Ligament Surgery: Know from Dr. Ramakant Kumar Dr. Ramakant Kumar Wednesday, 17 February 2021 / Published in Orthopedic Looking for an answer to the question: Is Ligament Surgery Painful?? Note: The beginning of the article covers a lot of theory that helps develop a deeper understanding of pain. Dr. Frederick Buechel, Jr. MD answered Orthopedic Surgery 22 years experience Not always normal: Although calf pain can occur after knee arthroscopy, the concern is the potential for a deep venous thrombosis otherwise known as a blood clot. You should never increase your weekly mileage by more than 10%. Shin pain after knee replacement typically resolves on its own over time, as the bone thickens and contracts. He completed his Orthopedic Surgery training USC. . ACL surgery is arthroscopic, meaning the surgeon makes only tiny cuts. The saphenous nerve is the most commonly injured nerve after total knee arthroplasty. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. An ACL tear is a very common knee injury. You may also develop: An inability to straighten your leg, resulting in a limp. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. About Us. I started with physical therapy and it unfortunately did not help. There are a few reasons why you may have shin pain after knee arthroscopy. 6. If the pain is severe, your doctor may recommend physical therapy or injections to help ease the pain. Orthop J Sports Med. cindy74895. Arthritis and swelling can cause pain between the two bones. It is unknown how frequently the infrapatellar saphenous nerve neuroma develops after total knee replacement. There could be a number of factors that contribute to this, including a lack of insulin in your body or a lack of insulin-responsive cells in your body. Shoot us an email a support@accelerateacl.com and we will get back to you as soon as possible. I hope someone can answer your question. Rehabilitation after an ACL reconstruction surgery is important to ensure a timely and proper recovery journey. My knee is typically swollen and tight at the end of the day, and my patient reports that it is normal size when I wake up in the morning but swollen and tight by the end of the day. As we tell all of our Accelerate ACL athletes, if you have any questions, always, always, always, feel to reach out. After surgery, some pain is normal. If you just want the guidelines, scroll to the last section. It is critical to establish the CPSP as soon as possible in order to maximize the chances of success. In a 40-month period, the authors performed 87 total knee arthroplasties. Depending on the type of surgery, numbness can range from 50% to 85%. chondromalacia or patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFS) are two other common causes of knee pain, which can be caused by overuse injuries called runners knee. They will be able to determine the cause of the pain and recommend the best course of treatment. Any of the three types of knee injuries: a torn knee joint, a torn knee cap, or a torn knee cap are all possible. If you have a minor shin injury, there are several options for treatment. It can also be difficult to treat because there is no specific treatment for neuropathic pain. i have pitting edema in my shin. DVT typically would not cause s pitting edema but again, it could. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications may also be effective at relieving pain and swelling. Calf pain can be caused by swelling, changes in walking mechanics, limited range of motion, and by performing new exercises such as ankle pumps and heel slides. Age22. result of surgery or should i be concerned about dvt? "If you are having surgery on a lower extremity, elevate it after the procedure. ACL and Knee Pain Treatment in NYC The team at NYDNRehab has rehabilitated over 100 patients with torn ACLs over the past six years. The vast majority of knee replacement surgeries result in less pain. When the saphenous nerves sartorial branch is damaged, there is a pattern of numbness. The initial post-surgery pain may last anywhere from 24 to 48 hours. Physical therapy is often recommended to help reduce swelling and inflammation, which can help lessen nerve pain. In some cases, burning pain can be caused by nerve damage or a knee infection. It can take between six months and a year for a patient to fully recover from an injury and be able to resume sports participation. 2019 Feb;14(1):159-172. Salpeter, Garrett. A tear to the medial collateral ligament (MCL) in your knee can also cause some pretty severe pain and swelling, and an audible popping noise can occur when the ligament tears. This can be caused by the replacement joint not being properly aligned, or by the muscles and ligaments around the knee not being strong enough to support it. Because the nail feels pretty sharp, it appears to be a pretty good description. Meniscus Surgery The most common cause is instability in the knee joint, which puts extra stress on the fibula. Calf pain may persist for a number of weeks or months after a knee replacement procedure. Activities After Total Knee Replacement. When muscles are overused, they become fatigued, resulting in stress fractures. This can happen when the tissue around the nerve is healing and the nerve is trying to repair itself. Physical therapy, in addition to pain medication, can help to improve your mobility and function. You may experience pain if you have a bruised or swollen shin or ankle. It is critical to keep your blood sugar levels under control in order to prevent nerve damage. However, if the pain lasts for several weeks following surgery, it may be a cause . One is that the nerve that was cut during the surgery may be sending out signals that it is damaged. It can be caused by shin splints (also called medial tibial st. Staff Login. Abstract. People who engage in repetitive exercise such as dancing, gymnastics, and running are at higher risk for . There is no known exercise that accelerates bone remodeling, but there is a risk of slow bone formation if you do not exercise and work out. According to one study, you should be able to remodel and adapt to your new loading pattern within three to twelve months of surgery. no other symptoms. If youre going to optimize the ACL recovery process, you need to know what youre up against. It's part of the process. Shin splints can develop as a result of strenuous exercise, sports, or repetitive activities. In some cases, nerve pain may resolve on its own over time. Front Physiol. Those muscles get 'turned off' after an injury to the leg. When the nerves are particularly painful, they are treated in these ways: Pain medication can help relieve nerve pain as well as inflammation within the nerve. Arthrogenic muscle inhibition after ACL reconstruction: a scoping review of the efficacy of interventions. However, if the burn becomes more intense or persists for months or even years, there may be something else going on. I am currently recovering from a failed acl patella tendon graft (so I dont have an acl, I believe). I'm currently into the third week of this insanity, and I just don't know how else to find some relief. Fibula pain after knee replacement surgery is relatively common and can be caused by a number of factors. The primary symptoms of arthrofibrosis include: Pain, which can be severe and constant. Staying Healthy. Bone Joint J. result of surgery or should i be concerned about dvt? Nickel, cobalt, and chromium are the three most commonly found metal ions found in knee replacement implants that can cause hypersensitivity reactions. How to Rapidly Abolish Knee Extension Deficit After Injury or Surgery: A Practice-Changing Video Pearl From the Scientific Anterior Cruciate Ligament Network International (SANTI) Study Group. First, the ACL tore. A MRI of the lumbar spine should also be able to throw some light. North American Orthopedic Rehabilitation Research Network. You should stretch and strengthen the muscles around your knee joint on a regular basis to keep it healthy. The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS): scale development, measurement properties, and clinical application. If the pain does not go away after a few days, you should consult a doctor. Pain can also be caused by the joint itself, such as the nerve that transports sensation to the leg, or the muscles that support the knee. The . Wright AR, Richardson AB, Kikuchi CK, Goldberg DB, Marumoto JM, Kan DM. This treatment uses natural repair cells obtained from the bodys fat to combat joint, tendon, and ligaments problems. If the pain persists after a few days, see a doctor right away if you have a fracture. Both the surgeon and the patient are frequently concerned about the difficulty of knee replacement surgery. Count the number of times your foot strikes one side for a minute. 2023 Brandon Orthopedics | All Right Reserved, Quad Pain After Knee Surgery: Causes And Treatment Options, Why You May Bruise Around Your Ankle After Knee Surgery, The Truth About Spinal Stenosis: Causes Symptoms And Treatments, Can Years Of Surfing Contribute To Spinal Stenosis, The Effects Of Spinal Stenosis And Carpal Tunnel, Should I Apply Ice Or Heat To A Compression Fracture, How Does A Soft Bed Prevent Healing Of Herniated Disc, Herniated Discs: How To Sleep Without Worrying About Rupturing Your Discs, If You Have A Herniated Disc You Know The Excruciating Pain It Can Cause. As a reward, you have gained free access to this report on how the Accelerate ACL Proven Process is specifically designed to overcome the 7 most significant challenges in ACL recovery. Referred pain, which is pain that is not associated with the surgery site but occurs elsewhere in the body, is the most common type of post-operative pain. Your diabetes may cause fatigue, blurred vision, increased urination, and difficulty breathing, to name a few symptoms. This can cause the feeling of burning as well. The surgery was to repair a torn acl and the burning sensation is a result of the incision and the stitches. Some of the symptoms of scar tissue pain include: inflammation (swelling) redness itchiness throbbing sensitivity (to the touch) reduced range of motion "creaky" sounds or sensations Scar tissue. In most cases, the pain is mild and can be managed with over-the-counter pain medications. They found people who report lingering symptoms post-surgery either underload their injured leg (6-12 months after surgery) or overload the injured leg (after the 24-month mark), as. More than 80% of patients recover from anterior compartmental adhesion surgery (ACL) completely. Icing the area can also help in the first 24 to 48 . If any of these symptoms occur after knee replacement surgery, you should consult with your doctor. Pain in the calf area can also be due to pinched spinal nerves in the lumbo-sacral area or a pinched nerve at the knee joint. If you have weak muscles, your body does not move as efficiently as it should, resulting in swelling and stress on the tissues. I had acl surgery on my left knee two years ago using the graft. However, there can be times when your nervous system may be tuned a little too sensitively, causing things to be painful that arent actually that dangerous. AMPLAPS injections are a new type of treatment that uses the bodys own stem cells to treat pain and inflammation. People have knee pain after meniscus surgery because some of them had too much meniscus removed. Shin splints are a result of repetitive stresses on the shinbone and the connective tissues that attach your muscles to the bone. A knee osteotomy was performed the same day. Top answers from doctors based on your search: Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. J Hand Ther. xray reports are normal. Faltus J, Criss CR, Grooms DR. Watch this video to learn more about how to prevent and treat shin splints. The burn feels as if its burning beneath my knee, but Im only partially numb when I touch it. If the pain persists for more than a week or two, you should see a doctor to rule out any serious underlying conditions. You can also apply ice or heat to the area to help ease the pain. When you have an infected knee, there are several symptoms you should watch out for. Speak with your healthcare provider about ways to keep your family from becoming severely burned in an accidental burn. It got better about 2-3 weeks out from my operation. The bodys own healing process is likely to be to blame for it. If you have burning pain in your knee, you can improve it by using physiotherapy and pain killers. The surgeon and patient face a difficult task when it comes to knee replacement surgery. Youll notice a difference soon in your knee. According to a study, neuropathic pain may affect up to 40% of patients (4). Leppik L.P., Froemel D., Slavici A., Ovadia Z.N., Hudak L., Henrich D., Marzi I., Barker J.H., Effects of electrical stimulation on rat limb regeneration, a new look at an old model.